Biology Chapter 11

A DNA specimen that contains 30% guanine has ________ thymine.

20%

Reverse transcriptase is an enzyme that can synthesize DNA from an RNA template. What DNA sequence is produced from an RNA molecule with the sequence 5'AUUGACGGU3'?

3'TAACTGCCA5'

What is the complementary DNA strand to 5′-ATTCGGTGA-3′?

3′-TAAGCCACT-5′

All of the following nucleotide bases are pyrimidines except

Adenine

Without the work of Rosalind Franklin, Watson and Crick would not have known

All of the answers are correct.

What was one of the pieces of evidence most critical to the discovery of DNA structure?

An X-ray diffraction pattern suggesting a double helix shape

Without data from the base composition studies of Chargaff, what might Watson and Crick's modeling studies have erroneously concluded?

Any purine could pair with any pyrimidine

Who discovered that DNA was the genetic material or transforming factor that could convert nonvirulent R-type Streptococcus pneumoniae bacterium to the virulent S-type?

Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty

Which of the following is FALSE when comparing RNA and DNA?

Both are composed of identical nucleotides.

Which of the following relationships about nucleotide composition in DNA is TRUE?

C+A=G+T

Griffith first proposed the "transformation principal" through his studies on Streptococcus pneumoniae bacterium. Which of the following molecules was later found to be responsible for this phenomenon?

DNA

Which molecule is responsible for separating double-stranded DNA into single strands?

DNA helicase

All of the following are critical factors for DNA replication on the leading strand except

DNA ligase

During DNA replication, all of the following proteins are important for separating the DNA strands and allowing movement of the replication fork EXCEPT

DNA polymerase.

________ produces short sequences of RNA, which allows polymerase to synthesize a new strand of DNA.

DNA primase

The function(s) of DNA polymerase includes which of the following?

DNA synthesis, DNA proofreading, and removes RNA primers and fills in the gaps

A strand of DNA is composed of nucleotide bases, sulfate groups, and sugars.

False

Studies by Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty with different strains of bacteria and those by Hershey and Chase with T2 bacteriophage determined that proteins are highly complex molecules that form the genetic material for bacteria and viruses.

False

Which of the following scientist-discoveries is mismatched?

Griffith-chromosomes.

Which of the following statements best describes DNA polymerase?

It is an enzyme that catalyzes the addition of nucleotides to the 3' end of a growing DNA strand

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

None of the answers are true

________ are made in replicating the lagging strand of DNA, but are not made during leading strand DNA replication.

Okazaki fragments

Which of the following statements about DNA is FALSE?

One chromosome is made up of many DNA molecules.

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

Radial loop domains are formed due to interactions between 30 nm fibers and intermediate filaments.

Which of the following statements about the structure or composition of DNA is FALSE?

The amount of thymine closely approximates that of guanine within a particular organism.

Which of the following is NOT a criterion for an organism's genetic material?

The genetic material must be dynamic, changing rapidly in response to changes in the environment.

DNA helicase and topoisomerase are similar insofar as they promote the unwinding and uncoiling of DNA.

True

DNA is a double helix structure whose strands are held together by hydrogen bonds with A to T and C to G base pairing.

True

Okazaki fragments are sequences of DNA most often found on the lagging strand of DNA during DNA replication.

True

The progressive shortening of telomeres in DNA correlates with cell senescence.

True

When considering the complexity of genetic material, multiple genes are found within a chromosome.

True

Which of the following is the highest (or most complex) level of structure for genetic material?

chromosome

If the sequence for one strand of DNA is 3′-TCGATT-5′ then its complementary strand would have a sequence of 3′-AGCTAA-5′.

false

If there is 28% adenine, then there must be 28% cytosine for the DNA composition of a particular organism.

false

Which purine base forms 3 hydrogen bonds when binding its complementary nucleotide base?

guanine

Which molecule catalyzes covalent bond formation between fragments of DNA?

ligase

Where would one expect to find the most telomerase?

male germ cells that give rise to gametes

Beginning with the simplest level of structure, which order of organization of genetic material is CORRECT?

nucleotide, DNA, gene, chromosome, genome

The building blocks of DNA are

nucleotides

Bacteria are grown in 15N (heavy) medium and then transferred to 14N (light) medium and are allowed to replicate for one generation. The DNA is subsequently isolated and centrifuged in a CsCl2 gradient to yield what type of gradient band(s)?

one half-heavy (intermediate to heavy and light) band

Bacteria are grown in 15N (heavy) medium and then transferred to 14N (light) medium and are allowed to replicate for two generations. The DNA is subsequently isolated and centrifuged in a CsCl2 gradient to yield what type of gradient band(s)?

one light and one half-heavy band

The nucleotides within DNA are composed of a

phosphate group, deoxyribose sugar, nitrogenous base

In a single strand of DNA, nucleotides are connected by which type of bond?

phosphodiester

Which of the following is NOT a protein involved in DNA replication?

replication fork

The mechanism of DNA replication is

semiconservative

Which of the following proteins-functions is mismatched?

topoisomerase-separates double-stranded DNA into single strands

How many replication forks are there at an origin of replication?

two

Which of the following characteristics of genetic material accounts for the need to get a flu vaccine every year, but a polio vaccine once in a life time?

variation

Which of the following statements about DNA replication is INCORRECT?

It is powered by the hydrolysis of ATP.

Which of the following statements in TRUE?

Many active genes are found in euchromatin, because proteins involved in transcription can easily access these regions of DNA.

The enzyme that attaches DNA nucleotides at the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes in order to prevent chromosome shortening is called

Telomerase.

Which of the following statements about telomeres is INCORRECT?

Telomeres would be longer in cells of older than younger individuals.

Type S Streptococcus pneumoniae bacterium is lethal and will kill its host. If heat inactivated the S strain dies and becomes nonlethal. Type R Streptococcus pneumoniae is a nonvirulent strain of bacteria. What would occur if one were to inject both the R strain and heat-killed S strains into a host organism such as the mouse?

The R strain would be transformed into the virulent S strain and kill the host

Why is there a need to produce Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand, but not on the leading strand of DNA?

The two parental strands of DNA are antiparallel and DNA polymerase makes DNA in the 5' to 3' direction only

Some bacteria have been found to have much higher rates of mutation than other members of their population; they are termed "mutators." What do you think is the most likely reason for their higher rates of mutation?

Their DNA polymerase has compromised 3' to 5' exonuclease function.

During the DNA replication process, which of the following organisms would have the fewest origins of replication per cell?

a Streptococcus bacterium