Biology - Chapter 21: Plant Form and Function
What type of tissue consists of xylem and phloem that form a distribution system throughout the shoot and roots and is arranged into bundles within leaves and stems?
Vascular
All parts of a plant except the reproductive parts are called the __________
vegetative
Select all of the vegetative organs that are part of a plant's shoot system.
- stem - leaves
Select all the features of sieve tube elements
- alive at maturity - align end to end to form a tube
Select all of the following that describe roots.
- anchor the plant below ground - absorb water & minerals for the plant - nourished by sugars produced in shoot system
Carbon and Oxygen Hydrogen Minerals
- atmospheric gasses that enter the plant through stomata - water that enters the plant through the roots - products of decomposition and rock disintegration that enter the plant through the roots
Select all of the following that are modified leaves.
- cactus spines - insect-catching structures of carnivorous plants - onion bulbs
Select the two types of lateral meristems that can produce secondary growth in woody plants
- cork cambium - vascular cambium
Select all of the following that are composed of dermal tissue
- epidermis of stems and roots - epidermis of leaves
Select all of the following that are true about monocot root systems.
- fibrous - relatively shallow - prevent erosion
Select the roles of the root cap.
- gravity sensing - lubrication - protection from abrasion
Select all of the following that describe a taproot system.
- maximize support for the plant - enlarged main root - present in most eudicots - absorb minerals and water from deep in the soil
Select all the features of vessel elements in xylem.
- pits in side walls - move water faster than tracheids - barrel-shaped and stacked end to end - end walls perforated or absent
Place the following steps of phloem sap movement in the correct order, beginning at the top with the synthesis of sugars at sources.
- sugars produced by photosynthesis are located by companion cells into sieve tube elements by active transport - water moves by osmosis out of the xylem into the phloem sap - increased pressure drives the movement of phloem sap - cells at a sink take up sucrose from the phloem by facilitated diffusion or active transport - solute concentration in phloem declines and water exits the phloem
Select all the following that are modified stems.
- tendrils - water- storage flesh of cacti - rhizomes - tubers
Select all of the following that describe eudicot stems.
- vascular bundles that are arranged in a single ring - pith occupies the center - cortex lies between epidermis and vascular bundles
Select all of the following that are absorbed from the soil by plant roots.
- water - minerals
Place the steps in order of a water molecule entering a plant at its roots and exiting the plant through a leaf , beginning with the first step at the top of the list.
- water molecule enters root through root hair - water molecule moves between cells of the cortex - the endodermis is reached, and the water molecule enters endodermal cells by osmosis - water molecule enters the xylem - water molecule moves up the plant, and exits the leaf through a stoma during transpiration
As water exits a plant by transpiration through stomata in the leaves, water enters the plant by
absorption from the soil at the roots
In leaves, vascular bundles are called __________, which are often prominent features of leaves.
veins
What are the most abundant essential elements found in a plant?
carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
Mesophyll cells in leaves contain abundant __________ and conduct photosynthesis when stomata are open.
chloroplasts
When a plant is losing too much water during transpiration due to very hot or dry conditions, the plant can __________ to conserve water.
close its stomata
Directly beneath the root epidermis is tissue called the __________, which consists of loosely-packed cells that store materials.
cortex
As water molecules __________ the mesophyll of the leaf, water from the veins takes its places and water is pulled up the __________.
evaporate from / xylem
The cohesion-tension theory is based upon the cohesive properties of __________ and explains how xylem sap moves.
water
Three main plant systems
dermal, ground, vascular
The walls of the root's __________ cells contain a waxy, waterproof material that prevents the passive diffusion of substances into the xylem
endodermis
What type of tissue makes up the majority of a herbaceous plant body?
ground - Parenchyma, Collenchyma, & Sclerenchyma
A pair of __________ cells surround a stoma and control whether it is opened or closed
guard
The waxy cuticle that coats the epidermis of plants
helps the plant conserve water
Of the 16 essential nutrients required by plants, 9 are required in large amounts and are called __________, while 7 are required in small amounts and are called __________.
macronutrients / micronutrients
A plant's new cells come from areas called __________, which are regions of high mitotic activity.
meristems
Plants cannot obtain nitrogen from the environment without the help of bacteria because
nitrogen gs (N2) is not usable for plants
Soybeans have root nodules that contain __________ bacteria, which convert nitrogen to a form that plants can use.
nitrogen-fixing
Plant leaves attach to the stem at locations called ...
nodes
Plants that connect to the vascular tissue of other plants and remove water, minerals, and sugars are know as __________ plants.
parasitic
What is the most abundant type of ground cell?
parenchyma Cells
The solution in a plant containing sugar, water, minerals, amino acids, hormones, and other chemicals is called ...
phloem sap
Mycorrhizal fungi assist plants in obtaining minerals, especially __________, which does not move easily to roots
phosphorus
Phloem transport is explained by the __________ theory, which describes the movement of phloem from sources to sinks
pressure flow
__________ growth is growth that increases the length of shoots and roots.
primary / apical
Essential nutrients other than carbon and oxygen must be obtained by a plant through its
roots
Water enters a plant through its __________ and is pulled up the column of __________ due to transpiration and cohesion
roots / xylem sap
What type of cells are dead at maturity, have thick, rigid secondary cell walls, and provide support to parts of the plant that are no longer growing?
sclerenchyma cells
The increase in girth of stems and roots in woody plants is referred to as __________ growth.
secondary / lateral
A daughter cell that matures to the inside of the vascular cambium becomes __________, and a daughter cell that matures to the outside of a vascular cambium becomes __________.
secondary xylem / secondary phloem
Plant bodies consist of
several cell types
A potato that is storing the plant's sugars as starch is acting as a
sink
The vegetative organ that supports a plant's leaves and ends in a terminal bud is called the ...
stem
Gases enter and exit leaves and stems through pores in the epidermis called
stomata
The __________ produced during photosynthesis are transported by the phloem to non-photosynthetic cells, which cannot produce their own food.
sugar
In a plant, a source is any plant part that produces or releases
sugars
Phloem is a type of vascular tissue responsible for transporting ...
sugars
The higher the water concentration gradient between the leafs interior and the surrounding air
the faster the transpiration rate.
Apical meristems produce now calls at the __________ of roots and shoots.
tips
What process drives water movement in the plant?
transpiration
Xylem and phloem are two types of __________ tissue.
vascular
Xylem sap contains a dilute solution of
water with disolved minerals
What type of tissue moves minerals and water from the roots to all parts of the plant?
xylem
Vascular tissue called the __________ transports water and dissolved minerals up a plant, and vascular tissue called __________ distributes the organic molecules produced in photosynthesis to all plant parts.
xylem / phloem