Biology - Chapter 21: Plant Form and Function

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What type of tissue consists of xylem and phloem that form a distribution system throughout the shoot and roots and is arranged into bundles within leaves and stems?

Vascular

All parts of a plant except the reproductive parts are called the __________

vegetative

Select all of the vegetative organs that are part of a plant's shoot system.

- stem - leaves

Select all the features of sieve tube elements

- alive at maturity - align end to end to form a tube

Select all of the following that describe roots.

- anchor the plant below ground - absorb water & minerals for the plant - nourished by sugars produced in shoot system

Carbon and Oxygen Hydrogen Minerals

- atmospheric gasses that enter the plant through stomata - water that enters the plant through the roots - products of decomposition and rock disintegration that enter the plant through the roots

Select all of the following that are modified leaves.

- cactus spines - insect-catching structures of carnivorous plants - onion bulbs

Select the two types of lateral meristems that can produce secondary growth in woody plants

- cork cambium - vascular cambium

Select all of the following that are composed of dermal tissue

- epidermis of stems and roots - epidermis of leaves

Select all of the following that are true about monocot root systems.

- fibrous - relatively shallow - prevent erosion

Select the roles of the root cap.

- gravity sensing - lubrication - protection from abrasion

Select all of the following that describe a taproot system.

- maximize support for the plant - enlarged main root - present in most eudicots - absorb minerals and water from deep in the soil

Select all the features of vessel elements in xylem.

- pits in side walls - move water faster than tracheids - barrel-shaped and stacked end to end - end walls perforated or absent

Place the following steps of phloem sap movement in the correct order, beginning at the top with the synthesis of sugars at sources.

- sugars produced by photosynthesis are located by companion cells into sieve tube elements by active transport - water moves by osmosis out of the xylem into the phloem sap - increased pressure drives the movement of phloem sap - cells at a sink take up sucrose from the phloem by facilitated diffusion or active transport - solute concentration in phloem declines and water exits the phloem

Select all the following that are modified stems.

- tendrils - water- storage flesh of cacti - rhizomes - tubers

Select all of the following that describe eudicot stems.

- vascular bundles that are arranged in a single ring - pith occupies the center - cortex lies between epidermis and vascular bundles

Select all of the following that are absorbed from the soil by plant roots.

- water - minerals

Place the steps in order of a water molecule entering a plant at its roots and exiting the plant through a leaf , beginning with the first step at the top of the list.

- water molecule enters root through root hair - water molecule moves between cells of the cortex - the endodermis is reached, and the water molecule enters endodermal cells by osmosis - water molecule enters the xylem - water molecule moves up the plant, and exits the leaf through a stoma during transpiration

As water exits a plant by transpiration through stomata in the leaves, water enters the plant by

absorption from the soil at the roots

In leaves, vascular bundles are called __________, which are often prominent features of leaves.

veins

What are the most abundant essential elements found in a plant?

carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

Mesophyll cells in leaves contain abundant __________ and conduct photosynthesis when stomata are open.

chloroplasts

When a plant is losing too much water during transpiration due to very hot or dry conditions, the plant can __________ to conserve water.

close its stomata

Directly beneath the root epidermis is tissue called the __________, which consists of loosely-packed cells that store materials.

cortex

As water molecules __________ the mesophyll of the leaf, water from the veins takes its places and water is pulled up the __________.

evaporate from / xylem

The cohesion-tension theory is based upon the cohesive properties of __________ and explains how xylem sap moves.

water

Three main plant systems

dermal, ground, vascular

The walls of the root's __________ cells contain a waxy, waterproof material that prevents the passive diffusion of substances into the xylem

endodermis

What type of tissue makes up the majority of a herbaceous plant body?

ground - Parenchyma, Collenchyma, & Sclerenchyma

A pair of __________ cells surround a stoma and control whether it is opened or closed

guard

The waxy cuticle that coats the epidermis of plants

helps the plant conserve water

Of the 16 essential nutrients required by plants, 9 are required in large amounts and are called __________, while 7 are required in small amounts and are called __________.

macronutrients / micronutrients

A plant's new cells come from areas called __________, which are regions of high mitotic activity.

meristems

Plants cannot obtain nitrogen from the environment without the help of bacteria because

nitrogen gs (N2) is not usable for plants

Soybeans have root nodules that contain __________ bacteria, which convert nitrogen to a form that plants can use.

nitrogen-fixing

Plant leaves attach to the stem at locations called ...

nodes

Plants that connect to the vascular tissue of other plants and remove water, minerals, and sugars are know as __________ plants.

parasitic

What is the most abundant type of ground cell?

parenchyma Cells

The solution in a plant containing sugar, water, minerals, amino acids, hormones, and other chemicals is called ...

phloem sap

Mycorrhizal fungi assist plants in obtaining minerals, especially __________, which does not move easily to roots

phosphorus

Phloem transport is explained by the __________ theory, which describes the movement of phloem from sources to sinks

pressure flow

__________ growth is growth that increases the length of shoots and roots.

primary / apical

Essential nutrients other than carbon and oxygen must be obtained by a plant through its

roots

Water enters a plant through its __________ and is pulled up the column of __________ due to transpiration and cohesion

roots / xylem sap

What type of cells are dead at maturity, have thick, rigid secondary cell walls, and provide support to parts of the plant that are no longer growing?

sclerenchyma cells

The increase in girth of stems and roots in woody plants is referred to as __________ growth.

secondary / lateral

A daughter cell that matures to the inside of the vascular cambium becomes __________, and a daughter cell that matures to the outside of a vascular cambium becomes __________.

secondary xylem / secondary phloem

Plant bodies consist of

several cell types

A potato that is storing the plant's sugars as starch is acting as a

sink

The vegetative organ that supports a plant's leaves and ends in a terminal bud is called the ...

stem

Gases enter and exit leaves and stems through pores in the epidermis called

stomata

The __________ produced during photosynthesis are transported by the phloem to non-photosynthetic cells, which cannot produce their own food.

sugar

In a plant, a source is any plant part that produces or releases

sugars

Phloem is a type of vascular tissue responsible for transporting ...

sugars

The higher the water concentration gradient between the leafs interior and the surrounding air

the faster the transpiration rate.

Apical meristems produce now calls at the __________ of roots and shoots.

tips

What process drives water movement in the plant?

transpiration

Xylem and phloem are two types of __________ tissue.

vascular

Xylem sap contains a dilute solution of

water with disolved minerals

What type of tissue moves minerals and water from the roots to all parts of the plant?

xylem

Vascular tissue called the __________ transports water and dissolved minerals up a plant, and vascular tissue called __________ distributes the organic molecules produced in photosynthesis to all plant parts.

xylem / phloem


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