Biology Chapter 22-23.1

What reproductive structures do gametophytes usually develop?

Cones or flowers.

What are ovules?

The structure in which the female gametophytes develop. Within the ovules, meiosis produces haploid cells that grow and divide to produce female gametophytes.

What is pollination?

The transfer of pollen from the male reproductive structure to the female reproductive structure.

How are angiosperms categorized?

They are grouped according to the number of their seed leaves, the strength and composition of their stems, and the number of growing seasons they live.

What is a seed coat?

Tough covering that surrounds and protects the plant embryo and keeps the contents of the seed from drying out. Seeds can survive long periods of bitter cold, extreme heat, or drought by using nutrients from the stored food supply until it can carry out photosynthesis on its own.

What are woody plants?

Type of plant made primarily of cells with thick cell walls that support the plant body; includes trees, shrubs, and vines.

What are herbaceous plants?

Type of plant that has smooth and non-woody stems; includes dandelions, zinnias, petunias, and sunflowers. Herbaceous plants do not produce wood as they grow.

What are monocots?

Angiosperm with one seed leaf in its ovary.

Reproductive structures of gymnosperms

1. Cones- male cones produce male gameophytes and female cones produce female gameophytes 2. Pollen- wind carries pollen to seed cones 3. Sees- female cones bear seeds directly to the inside surfaces of scales

Reproductive structures of angiosperms

1. Flowers produce male and female gameophyte in each glower. 2. Pollen is carried by wind or by animals such as bees 3. Seeds- an ovary develops into fruit that protect seeds

What are the steps in the plant life cycle?

1.) A sporophyte produces haploid spores through meiosis. 2.) These spores grow into multicellular structures called gametophytes. 3.) Each gametophyte produces reproductive cells called gametes-sperm and egg cells. 4.) During fertilization, a sperm and egg fuse each other, producing a diploid zygote. 5.) The zygote develops into a new sporophyte, and the cycle begins again.

What is a seed?

A plant embryo and a food supply, encased in a protective covering.

What is a fruit?

An angiosperm fruit is a structure containing one or more matured ovaries. The wall of the fruit helps disperse seeds inside it, carrying them away from the parent plant.

What are dicots?

Angiosperm with two seed leaves in its ovary.

What are the key features of angiosperm reproduction?

Angiosperms reproduce sexually by means of flowers. After fertilization, ovaries within flowers develop into fruits that surround, protect, and help disperse the seeds.

What is a zygote?

Fertilized egg. Marks the beginning of the sporophyte stage of the life cycle.

What are cotyledons?

First leaf or first pair of leaves produced by the embryo of the seed plant.

What is the gametophyte?

Gamete-producing plant; multicellular haploid phase of a plant life cycle.

What is a bryophyte?

Group of plants that have specialized reproduction organs but lack vascular tissue; includes mosses, hornworts, and liverworts. Each of these three groups is generally considered to be a separate phylum. Bryophytes do not contain lignin or true vascular tissue.

What are gymnosperms?

Group of seed plants that bear their seeds directly on the scales of cones. Means, "enclosed seed."

What are angiosperms?

Group of seed plants that bear their seeds within a layer of tissue that protects the seed; also called flowering plant.

What are tracheids?

Hollow plant cell in xylem with thick cell walls strengthened by lignin. Tracheids are one of the great evolutionary innovations of plant kingdom and are found in xylem.

What is an ovary?

In plants, the structure that surrounds and protects seeds.

What is a pollen grain?

In seed plants, the entire male gametophyte is contained in a tiny structure called a pollen grain. Sperm produced by this gametophyte do not swim through water to fertilize the eggs. Instead, the pollen grains are carried to the female reproductive structure by wind or animals such as insects.

What is the alternation of generations?

Life cycle that has two alternating phases- a haploid (N) phase and diploid (2N) phase.

What are antheridia?

Male reproductive structures in some plants that produce sperm.

How did plants adapt to life on land? How did they evolve?

Plants were water-dwelling organisms. Over time, the demands of life on land favored the evolution of plants more resistant to the drying rays of the sun, more capable of conserving water, and more capable of reproducing without water.

What is vascular tissue?

Specialized tissue in plants that carries water and nutrients. Vascular tissue carries water and nutrients much more efficiently than does any tissue found in bryophytes. With the evolution of vascular tissue, plants were able to grow high above the ground.

What is a sporangium?

Spore capsule in which haploid spores are produced by meiosis. Inside the capsule, haploid spores are produced by meiosis. When the capsule ripens, it opens, and haploid spores are scattered to the wind to start the cycle again.

What is the sporophyte?

Spore-producing plant; the multicellular diploid phase of a plant life cycle.

What is a pollen tube?

Structure in a plant that contains two haploid sperm nuclei. Once the pollen tube reaches the newly developed female gametophyte, one sperm nucleus disintegrates; the other fertilizes the egg contained within the female gametophyte. Fertilization produces a diploid zygote.

What are archegonia?

Structures in plants that produce egg cells.

What feature defines most plant life cycles?

The life cycle of land plants has two alternating phases, a diploid (2N) phase and a haploid (N) phase.

What do plants need to survive?

The lives of plants center on the need for sunlight, gas exchange, water, and minerals.

What are tracheophytes?

Vascular plant. Named after a specialized a type of water-conducting cell they contain.

What is xylem and its function?

Vascular tissue that carries water upward from the roots to every part of a plant.

What is phloem and its function?

Vascular tissue that transports solutions of nutrients and carbohydrates produced by photosynthesis through the plant.

How is vascular tissue important?

Vascular tissues-xylem and phloem-make it possible for vascular plants to move fluids through their bodies against the force of gravity.

What are the main tissue system of seed plants?

dermal, vascular and ground tissue

What substance is needed in the formation of vascular tissue?

lignin

What is ground tissue?

produces and stores sugar, and contributes to the physical support of the plant

What is dermal tissue?

protective outer covering of a plant

What are meristems?

regions of unspecialized cells in which mitosis produces new cells that are ready for differentiation

What are the three principal organs of seed plants?

roots, stems and leaves

What is vascular tissue?

supports the plant body and transports water and nutrients throughout the plant

How are meristem tissue different then other plant tissue?

the unspecialized cells reproduce new leaves and stems all the time making a plant seem "forever young"

What reproductive adaptations do seed plants have and what advantages do they hold over other types of plants?

they can reproduce without water, reproduction in cones and flowers, transfer of sperm by pollination, and protections of embryos in seeds. This is an advantage because it enables them to survive in many environments