Biology Chapter 2/3 Notes
what are bases?
above 7 on pH scale, any substance that lowers H+ and increases pH
What are the purines for nitrogenous bases
adenine and guanine
What is primary structure?
amino acid sequence, a change in any one of these could result in a disease or other problem
A polypeptide is composed of monomers called _____.
amino acids
Buffer, what is it
any substance that limits pH change
What is electronegativity
atom's affinity for electrons
What is tertiary structure?
folds and links, final level of structure for proteins which only have 1 polypeptide chain
how does high specific heat of water help organisms
organisms can maintain a relatively constant temp
What are reactants
original molecules
What are Amino acids strung together by?
peptide bonds ya bish by dehydration synthesis
what are some examples of hydrocarbons?
petroleum, natural gas
What are the three parts of a nucleotide?
phosphate group, sugar, nitrogenous base
What are unsaturated fats
1 or more double bonds with a low melting point and of plant origin
What are proteins composed of
1 or more long, unbranched chain which is a polypeptide
What is a double helix
2 poly nucleotide strands connected by hydrogen bonds
How many amino acids are there?
20
what are structural isomers and what are some examples
differ in the structure of the carbon skeleton, fructose and glucose
Lipids contain a high proportion of ____-_____ bonds?
C-H
What does carbon primarily bond to?
CHON or SP
Sucrose is a
disaccharide
What is glucose
Monosaccharide
RNA and DNA are examples of
Nucleic Acids
What is amylose?
Storage Polysaccharide
What is the function of mRNA?
Translated into proteins
What is the function for NAD+ and FAD
Transports electrons
What is a polypeptide
a chain of amino acids which is a polymer which makes up a protein
what are acids?
below 7 on pH scale, any substance that increases H+ and lowers pH
what is hydrolysis
breakdown of large molecules by addition of water
During a hydrolysis reaction, a molecule of water is ______.
broken down
Glucose, Starch, and Cellulose are all examples of
carbohydrates
amino acids are monomers containing:
central carbon atom, amino group, carboxyl group, single hydrogen, variable R group
What is a chemical reaction?
chemical reactions involve breaking or forming bonds
What are phospholipids?
composed of glycerol and has 2 fatty acids with non polar tails
Polymers are formed by linking monomers together through _____ reactions
condensation
DNA, What is it
deoxyribonucleic acid encodes info for amino acid sequence of proteins
What is the sugar for DNA
deoxyribose
Fructose is a structural isomer of what
glucose
Galactose is a stereoisomer of what
glucose
What type of bonds are formed in DNA
hydrogen
What is secondary structure?
hydrogen bonding patterns, interaction of groups (meaning it twists or folds) spiral= alpha helix and folding= betta sheet
What are trans fats?
hydrogenated oils, not found in nature
are lipids hydrophobic or hydrophilic
hydrophobic
What does the phospholipid bilayer contain?
hydrophobic tails with a hydrophilic head
What is saturated fats
no double bonds between carbon atoms and have a high melting point with animal origin
Proteins are ______ of amino acids
polymers
WHAT ARE NUCLEIC ACIDS
polymers of many nucleotides
What are the four levels of protein structure?
primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary
Chaperones are a type of ______
protein
What is protein denaturation
protein loses structure and function due to environmental conditions (pH, temp, ionic concentration of solution)
What is RNA
ribonucleic acid uses info in DNA to specify sequence of amino acids in proteins
What is the sugar for RNA
ribose
What are the two types of fats?
saturated and unsaturated
How does RNA differ from DNA
single polynucleotide strand contains ribose instead of deoxyribose contains uracil instead of thymine
What is quaternary structure?
subunit arrangements, arrangements of individual chains in a protein with 2 or more polypeptide chains
What is the structure for a nucleic acid?
sugar+phosphate+nitrogenous base
What does pH measure?
the concentration of H+
what is the most general thing you can think of about how to describe proteins that isn't "they are a macromolecule"
the purpose of the protein depends on the folds, twists, and order of amino acids
What are monosaccharides
the simplest carbs
What are triglycerides?
they are fats which are composed of 1 glycerol + 3 fatty acids
What are carbohydrates and what is the ratio?
they are good energy storage and this is bc of the ratio which is 1:2:1 of carbon hydrogen and oxygen
What are functional groups?
they are what are added to the C-H core, can be CHON or SP, and they have specific chemical properties
What are chaperones
they help other proteins fold correctly and if they are messed up chaperones they can cause diseases (i.e. cystic fibrosis)
What are the pyrimidines for nitrogenous bases
thymine, cytosine, and uracil
What are hydrocarbons?
(c-h) consists solely of carbon and hydrogen
What the FUK are disaccharides
2 monosaccharides linked together by dehydration synthesis
How many covalent bonds can carbon form at the most?
4
How many electrons does carbon need to complete its last shell?
4
Breaking the bonds between the subunits of a polymer involves ______ reactions
hydrolysis
Fats, Steroids, and terpenes are examples of
lipids
What are polysaccharides
long chains of monosaccharides
what are products
molecules resulting from reaction
What are isomers
molecules with the same molecular formula
All Carbohydrates are composed of one or more
monosaccharide
Glucose is a
monosaccharide
What is Fructose?
monosaccharide
What is deoxyribose
monosaccharide
What is galactose?
monosaccharide
What is glyceraldehyde?
monosaccharide
What is ribose
monosaccharide
Is oxygen slightly positive in H20 molecules?
no its slightly negative
What are macromolecules?
polymers that mlink several monomers
how do buffers work?
releases H+ when a base is added and absorbing H+ when acid is added
The glucose molecule in this diagram is shown in the ____ form
ring
Fructose has ____ carbon atoms
six
what are monomers
small, similar chemical subunits
What is Glycogen
storage polysaccharide
What is amylopectin
storage polysaccharide
What are the two types of isomers
structural isomers and stereoisomers
What is cellulose?
structural polysaccharide
The molecule in this diagram that is commonly used as a transport sugar in plants is
sucrose
What are some examples of disaccharides
sucrose, lactose, maltose
What are the 8 properties of water?
cohesion, adhesion, high specific heat, high heat of vaporization, solid water is less dense than liquid, universal solvent, organizes nonpolar molecules, can form ions
What is the function of DNA?
contains genes that can be transcribed
T/F In order to make a protein, information stored in RNA must be transcribed into molecules of DNA which directs the synthesis of proteins.
False
T/F A polynucleotide chain has a phosphate group at the 3´ end and a hydroxyl group at the 5´ end.
False, A polynucleotide chain has a phosphate group at the 5´ end and a hydroxyl group at the 3´ end.
T/F DNA differs from RNA because it contains the sugar deoxyribose instead of ribose, it has the base uracil instead of thymine, and it is double stranded rather than single stranded.
False, DNA has the base thymine instead of uracil.
T/F During protein synthesis, the sequence of bases in RNA controls the sequence of bases in DNA which, in turn, controls the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide.
False, During protein synthesis, the sequence of bases in DNA controls the sequence of bases in RNA which, in turn, controls the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide.
T/F The two types of nucleic acids found in living organisms are ribose and deoxyribose.
False, Ribose and deoxyribose are sugars, not nucleic acids. The 2 types of nucleic acids found in living organisms are ribonucleic
T/F When 2 nucleotides join by a condensation reaction, the phosphate group of one nucleotide binds to the nitrogenous base of the second nucleotide, forming a phosphodiester bond.
False, When 2 nucleotides join by a condensation reaction, the phosphate group of one nucleotide binds to the 3´ carbon in the pentose sugar of the second nucleotide, forming a phosphodiester bond.
Nucleic acids are composed of monomers called ______.
Nucleotides
What do plants and the other thing use respectively for structural support?
Plants use cellulose arthropods and fugue use chitin
What do plants and animals use respectively for energy storage?
Plants=starch Animals=glycogen
A protein is composed of one or more long, unbranched chains called _______ which are coiled and folded into a specific 3D shape.
Polypeptides
What is the function of ATP?
Provide energy for cell activities
What is starch?
Storage polysaccharide
What is Chitin
Structural polysaccharide
T/F DNA is used to store the information needed to make all proteins required by an organism and to pass that information on to the next generation.
True
T/F In DNA, adenine always pairs with thymine and guanine always pairs with cytosine.
True
T/F Nucleic acids are long polymers of repeating subunits called nucleotides
True
T/F The replication of DNA allows living organisms to pass on the code for making proteins from one generation to the next.
True
What is hydrophilic
Water loving
Is hydrogen slightly positive in H20 Molecules?
Yes, oxygen is slightly negative
What do biological buffers consist of?
a pair of molecules, one acid and one base. an example would be carbonic acid
This diagram illustrates a ______ reaction
dehydration
What are the two ways macromolecules can be assembled and disassembled
dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis
What are stereoisomers and what are some examples
differ in how the groups are attached and D-sugars and L-Amino acids
What is lactose?
disaccharide
What is maltose
disaccharide
Why is water polar dude
electronegativity allows for O to pull H closer
What do polysaccharides do
energy storage and structural support
Triglycerides are composed of glycerol and ______
fatty acids
What is dehydration synthesis
formation of large molecules by removal of water
During a condensation reaction, a molecule of water is
formed
What are some examples of simple sugars, i.e. monosaccharides
fructose, glucose, and galactose
The molecule in this diagram that is commonly used as a transport sugar in humans is
glucose
what are disaccharides used for
sugar transport or energy storage
What are some examples of carbohydrates
sugars, starch, glucose
Chemical reactions are influenced by:
temperature, concentration of reactants and products, and catalysts
What the hell do enzymes do
they speed up reactions and lowers the needed energy to do the thing
T/F Each nucleotide consists of three components: a pentose sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.
true
What is hydrophobic
water fearing, ie oil
What is adhesion
water molecules stick to other polar molecules
What is cohesion
water molecules stick to other water molecules
are hydrocarbons non polar? (c-h)
yes