Biology Chapter 2/3 Notes

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what are bases?

above 7 on pH scale, any substance that lowers H+ and increases pH

What are the purines for nitrogenous bases

adenine and guanine

What is primary structure?

amino acid sequence, a change in any one of these could result in a disease or other problem

A polypeptide is composed of monomers called _____.

amino acids

Buffer, what is it

any substance that limits pH change

What is electronegativity

atom's affinity for electrons

What is tertiary structure?

folds and links, final level of structure for proteins which only have 1 polypeptide chain

how does high specific heat of water help organisms

organisms can maintain a relatively constant temp

What are reactants

original molecules

What are Amino acids strung together by?

peptide bonds ya bish by dehydration synthesis

what are some examples of hydrocarbons?

petroleum, natural gas

What are the three parts of a nucleotide?

phosphate group, sugar, nitrogenous base

What are unsaturated fats

1 or more double bonds with a low melting point and of plant origin

What are proteins composed of

1 or more long, unbranched chain which is a polypeptide

What is a double helix

2 poly nucleotide strands connected by hydrogen bonds

How many amino acids are there?

20

what are structural isomers and what are some examples

differ in the structure of the carbon skeleton, fructose and glucose

Lipids contain a high proportion of ____-_____ bonds?

C-H

What does carbon primarily bond to?

CHON or SP

Sucrose is a

disaccharide

What is glucose

Monosaccharide

RNA and DNA are examples of

Nucleic Acids

What is amylose?

Storage Polysaccharide

What is the function of mRNA?

Translated into proteins

What is the function for NAD+ and FAD

Transports electrons

What is a polypeptide

a chain of amino acids which is a polymer which makes up a protein

what are acids?

below 7 on pH scale, any substance that increases H+ and lowers pH

what is hydrolysis

breakdown of large molecules by addition of water

During a hydrolysis reaction, a molecule of water is ______.

broken down

Glucose, Starch, and Cellulose are all examples of

carbohydrates

amino acids are monomers containing:

central carbon atom, amino group, carboxyl group, single hydrogen, variable R group

What is a chemical reaction?

chemical reactions involve breaking or forming bonds

What are phospholipids?

composed of glycerol and has 2 fatty acids with non polar tails

Polymers are formed by linking monomers together through _____ reactions

condensation

DNA, What is it

deoxyribonucleic acid encodes info for amino acid sequence of proteins

What is the sugar for DNA

deoxyribose

Fructose is a structural isomer of what

glucose

Galactose is a stereoisomer of what

glucose

What type of bonds are formed in DNA

hydrogen

What is secondary structure?

hydrogen bonding patterns, interaction of groups (meaning it twists or folds) spiral= alpha helix and folding= betta sheet

What are trans fats?

hydrogenated oils, not found in nature

are lipids hydrophobic or hydrophilic

hydrophobic

What does the phospholipid bilayer contain?

hydrophobic tails with a hydrophilic head

What is saturated fats

no double bonds between carbon atoms and have a high melting point with animal origin

Proteins are ______ of amino acids

polymers

WHAT ARE NUCLEIC ACIDS

polymers of many nucleotides

What are the four levels of protein structure?

primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary

Chaperones are a type of ______

protein

What is protein denaturation

protein loses structure and function due to environmental conditions (pH, temp, ionic concentration of solution)

What is RNA

ribonucleic acid uses info in DNA to specify sequence of amino acids in proteins

What is the sugar for RNA

ribose

What are the two types of fats?

saturated and unsaturated

How does RNA differ from DNA

single polynucleotide strand contains ribose instead of deoxyribose contains uracil instead of thymine

What is quaternary structure?

subunit arrangements, arrangements of individual chains in a protein with 2 or more polypeptide chains

What is the structure for a nucleic acid?

sugar+phosphate+nitrogenous base

What does pH measure?

the concentration of H+

what is the most general thing you can think of about how to describe proteins that isn't "they are a macromolecule"

the purpose of the protein depends on the folds, twists, and order of amino acids

What are monosaccharides

the simplest carbs

What are triglycerides?

they are fats which are composed of 1 glycerol + 3 fatty acids

What are carbohydrates and what is the ratio?

they are good energy storage and this is bc of the ratio which is 1:2:1 of carbon hydrogen and oxygen

What are functional groups?

they are what are added to the C-H core, can be CHON or SP, and they have specific chemical properties

What are chaperones

they help other proteins fold correctly and if they are messed up chaperones they can cause diseases (i.e. cystic fibrosis)

What are the pyrimidines for nitrogenous bases

thymine, cytosine, and uracil

What are hydrocarbons?

(c-h) consists solely of carbon and hydrogen

What the FUK are disaccharides

2 monosaccharides linked together by dehydration synthesis

How many covalent bonds can carbon form at the most?

4

How many electrons does carbon need to complete its last shell?

4

Breaking the bonds between the subunits of a polymer involves ______ reactions

hydrolysis

Fats, Steroids, and terpenes are examples of

lipids

What are polysaccharides

long chains of monosaccharides

what are products

molecules resulting from reaction

What are isomers

molecules with the same molecular formula

All Carbohydrates are composed of one or more

monosaccharide

Glucose is a

monosaccharide

What is Fructose?

monosaccharide

What is deoxyribose

monosaccharide

What is galactose?

monosaccharide

What is glyceraldehyde?

monosaccharide

What is ribose

monosaccharide

Is oxygen slightly positive in H20 molecules?

no its slightly negative

What are macromolecules?

polymers that mlink several monomers

how do buffers work?

releases H+ when a base is added and absorbing H+ when acid is added

The glucose molecule in this diagram is shown in the ____ form

ring

Fructose has ____ carbon atoms

six

what are monomers

small, similar chemical subunits

What is Glycogen

storage polysaccharide

What is amylopectin

storage polysaccharide

What are the two types of isomers

structural isomers and stereoisomers

What is cellulose?

structural polysaccharide

The molecule in this diagram that is commonly used as a transport sugar in plants is

sucrose

What are some examples of disaccharides

sucrose, lactose, maltose

What are the 8 properties of water?

cohesion, adhesion, high specific heat, high heat of vaporization, solid water is less dense than liquid, universal solvent, organizes nonpolar molecules, can form ions

What is the function of DNA?

contains genes that can be transcribed

T/F In order to make a protein, information stored in RNA must be transcribed into molecules of DNA which directs the synthesis of proteins.

False

T/F A polynucleotide chain has a phosphate group at the 3´ end and a hydroxyl group at the 5´ end.

False, A polynucleotide chain has a phosphate group at the 5´ end and a hydroxyl group at the 3´ end.

T/F DNA differs from RNA because it contains the sugar deoxyribose instead of ribose, it has the base uracil instead of thymine, and it is double stranded rather than single stranded.

False, DNA has the base thymine instead of uracil.

T/F During protein synthesis, the sequence of bases in RNA controls the sequence of bases in DNA which, in turn, controls the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide.

False, During protein synthesis, the sequence of bases in DNA controls the sequence of bases in RNA which, in turn, controls the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide.

T/F The two types of nucleic acids found in living organisms are ribose and deoxyribose.

False, Ribose and deoxyribose are sugars, not nucleic acids. The 2 types of nucleic acids found in living organisms are ribonucleic

T/F When 2 nucleotides join by a condensation reaction, the phosphate group of one nucleotide binds to the nitrogenous base of the second nucleotide, forming a phosphodiester bond.

False, When 2 nucleotides join by a condensation reaction, the phosphate group of one nucleotide binds to the 3´ carbon in the pentose sugar of the second nucleotide, forming a phosphodiester bond.

Nucleic acids are composed of monomers called ______.

Nucleotides

What do plants and the other thing use respectively for structural support?

Plants use cellulose arthropods and fugue use chitin

What do plants and animals use respectively for energy storage?

Plants=starch Animals=glycogen

A protein is composed of one or more long, unbranched chains called _______ which are coiled and folded into a specific 3D shape.

Polypeptides

What is the function of ATP?

Provide energy for cell activities

What is starch?

Storage polysaccharide

What is Chitin

Structural polysaccharide

T/F DNA is used to store the information needed to make all proteins required by an organism and to pass that information on to the next generation.

True

T/F In DNA, adenine always pairs with thymine and guanine always pairs with cytosine.

True

T/F Nucleic acids are long polymers of repeating subunits called nucleotides

True

T/F The replication of DNA allows living organisms to pass on the code for making proteins from one generation to the next.

True

What is hydrophilic

Water loving

Is hydrogen slightly positive in H20 Molecules?

Yes, oxygen is slightly negative

What do biological buffers consist of?

a pair of molecules, one acid and one base. an example would be carbonic acid

This diagram illustrates a ______ reaction

dehydration

What are the two ways macromolecules can be assembled and disassembled

dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis

What are stereoisomers and what are some examples

differ in how the groups are attached and D-sugars and L-Amino acids

What is lactose?

disaccharide

What is maltose

disaccharide

Why is water polar dude

electronegativity allows for O to pull H closer

What do polysaccharides do

energy storage and structural support

Triglycerides are composed of glycerol and ______

fatty acids

What is dehydration synthesis

formation of large molecules by removal of water

During a condensation reaction, a molecule of water is

formed

What are some examples of simple sugars, i.e. monosaccharides

fructose, glucose, and galactose

The molecule in this diagram that is commonly used as a transport sugar in humans is

glucose

what are disaccharides used for

sugar transport or energy storage

What are some examples of carbohydrates

sugars, starch, glucose

Chemical reactions are influenced by:

temperature, concentration of reactants and products, and catalysts

What the hell do enzymes do

they speed up reactions and lowers the needed energy to do the thing

T/F Each nucleotide consists of three components: a pentose sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.

true

What is hydrophobic

water fearing, ie oil

What is adhesion

water molecules stick to other polar molecules

What is cohesion

water molecules stick to other water molecules

are hydrocarbons non polar? (c-h)

yes


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