Biology: Chapter 4

1 centimeter = ___ millimeters

10

1 meter = ____ centimeters

100

A 100 mm x 100 mm x 100 mm cell has a surface area that is _____ and a volume that is _____. When this volume is broken into many smaller cells, that are 10 mm x 10 mm x 10 mm, the sum of the surface areas of the smaller cells is _____ than the surface area of the initial cell.

60,000 mm2 ... 1,000,000 mm3 ... larger

Tay-Sachs disease

A human genetic disease caused by a recessive allele that leads to the accumulation of certain lipids in the brain.

Pancreatic cells produce large amounts of protein. About how many ribosomes would you expect there to be in a pancreatic cell?

Several million

Pancreatic cells produce large amounts of enzymes for export into the digestive system. By contrast, muscle cells do NOT export digestive enzymes. How do you think that the number of ribosomes compares in the two cell types?

The pancreatic cell has many more ribosomes than the muscle cell.

Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD), also known as immotile cilia syndrome, is a fairly rare disease in which cilia and flagella are lacking motor proteins. PCD is characterized by recurrent respiratory tract infections and immotile sperm. How would you explain these seemingly unrelated symptoms?

Without motor proteins, microtubules cannot bend. Thus cilia cannot cleanse the respiratory tract, and sperm cannot swim.

Men with primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) have recurrent respiratory tract infections and immotile sperm. What is the cause of these symptoms?

a lack of dynein proteins

A transport vesicle within a cell can contain which of the following?

a newly made glycoprotein, as well as the glycoprotein with its attached phosphate groups

A certain cell has a dense nucleoid region, ribosomes, but no membrane-enclosed organelles. Based on this information, it could be __________.

an archaean

Without motor proteins, microtubules cannot bend. Thus cilia cannot cleanse the respiratory tract, and sperm cannot swim.

anchoring junction

Imagine that you fill a basketball with as many ping pong balls as possible. The volume of the basketball is __________ the total volumes of all the ping pong balls. The surface area of the basketball is __________ than the total surface areas of all the ping pong balls.

approximately equal to; less than

The most abundant glycoprotein in the extracellular matrix (ECM) is __________. This protein attaches to __________, which are proteins in the plasma membrane that connect the ECM with the inside of the cell.

collagen; integrins

The ________ of a mitochondrion is/are an adaptation that increases the surface area and enhances a mitochondrion's ability to produce ATP.

cristae

Much of the intracellular structure of a eukaryote cell is involved in protein synthesis. The accompanying figure shows the amounts of protein in cells at different parts of the cell cycle between two cell divisions. G1 is a stage just after the cell has divided, and G2 is the stage just before the cell divides again. S is a stage when the cell is synthesizing material such as DNA, mitochondria, and other organelles.The technique used to produce the data displayed might be useful for a cancer biologist who wishes to

determine the effect of drugs on protein synthesis at various times in the cell cycle.

A manufacturing company dumps its wastes into a nearby pond. One of the wastes is found to paralyze the contractile vacuoles of certain protists. A biologist looking at individual samples of these organisms taken from the pond would find that they

have gained water and burst.

What changes would you expect to see in the liver cells of someone suffering from chronic alcoholism?

increased levels of endoplasmic reticulum activity

Holding the nucleus in place in animal cells

intermediate filaments

The maximum size of a cell is limited by _____.

its need for enough surface area to make exchanges with its environment

What changes would you expect to see in the liver cells of someone suffering from chronic alcoholism?

large amounts of endoplasmic reticulum; elevated levels of detoxifying enzymes

Volume formula

length x width x height

Surface area formula

length x width x number of sides

A white blood cell is 12-15 µm (microns) in diameter. If you wished to count the white blood cells in a blood sample, which type of microscope would you choose?

light microscope

Contracting muscle cells

microfilaments

Guiding transport vesicles from the Golgi to the plasma membrane.

microtubules

You have identified a new organism. It has ribosomes, chromosomes, a cell wall, and plasmodesmata. This new organism is most likely a(n) __________.

plant

Which of the following developments might have contributed to mitochondria becoming endosymbionts in eukaryotic cells?

the increasing availability of atmospheric oxygen