Biology Chapter 4
Which plant cell organelle converts chemical fuel into packets of chemical energy that can power the cell?
Mitochondrion
What do the rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and lysosomes have in common? -They are all physically connected to each other. -They all perform similar roles in the cell. -All are located in the nucleus of the cell. -They are all membranous organelles comprising the endomembrane system.
They are all membranous organelles comprising the endomembrane system.
Ribosomal subunits are manufactured by the _____.
nucleolus
Where is calcium stored?
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Where are lipids made in the cell?
smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
The _____ is composed of DNA and protein.
chromatin
Where are chlorophyll molecules located within the chloroplasts? -within chloroplast ribosomes -in the stroma -embedded in the thylakoid membrane -within the outer membrane of the chloroplasts
embedded in the thylakoid membrane
Signals are transmitted between the extracellular matrix to the cytoskeleton through __________ proteins. microfilament integrin collagen gap junction
integrin
What is the function of a bacterium's capsule? protein synthesis propulsion protection DNA storage
protection
What mitochondrial feature enhances the production of ATP by providing more surface area? mitochondrial DNA intermembrane space cristae matrix
cristae
Which organelle breaks down worn-out organelles?
lysosomes
Which organelle produces H2O2 as a by-product?
peroxisome
A normal size range for a typical eukaryotic cell is _____. 1 to 10 nanometers 10 to 100 nanometers 1 to 10 micrometers 10 to 100 micrometers
10 to 100 micrometers
The purpose of cellular respiration is the production of __________. carbon dioxide glucose oxygen ATP
ATP
_____ is/are identical in structure to centrioles.
Basal bodies
One function of the central vacuole in plant cells is facilitating cell growth: the central vacuole absorbs water and increases in size, expanding the volume and size of the plant cell while doing so. Animal cells, however, do not grow by this method. What is an essential difference between animal and plant cells that could explain how a plant cell can withstand the internal pressure caused by this expansion of the central vacuole? (what is the structure?)
Cell Wall
Which of the following is part of the endomembrane system? ribosomes Golgi apparatus flagellum cytoskeleton mitochondria
Golgi apparatus
Mitochondria are found in _____. animal cells and bacterial cells both plant cells and animal cells animal cells only plant cells only
both plant cells and animal cells
The contractile vacuole __________. -eliminates excess water from the cytoplasm of freshwater protists -converts light energy to chemical energy -contains trapped bacteria to be digested by the lysosomes -contains the cell sap
eliminates excess water from the cytoplasm of freshwater protists
The nucleolus __________. -modifies substances made by the endoplasmic reticulum -contains the hereditary molecule of the cell -is rich in ribosomal RNA -organizes the spindle fibers for cell division
is rich in ribosomal RNA
Chloroplasts are found in __________. animal cells only both plant cells and animal cells neither plant cells nor animal cells plant cells and some protists
plant cells and some protists
The _____ is the bacterial structure that acts as a selective barrier, allowing nutrients to enter the cell and wastes to leave the cell.
plasma membrane
Dye injected into a plant cell might be able to enter an adjacent cell through a(n) _____. tight junction plasmodesma microtubule anchoring junction
plasmodesma
One of the ways smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER) differs from rough endoplasmic reticulum is that rough ER is covered by
ribosomes
Which of these manufactures cellular membranes by adding membrane proteins and phospholipids to its own membrane? Golgi apparatus lysosomes nucleolus ribosomes rough endoplasmic reticulum
rough endoplasmic reticulum
Which tissue would likely contain large amounts of anchoring junctions? bone tissue stomach tissue brain tissue root tissue
stomach tissue
Which of the following is a function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum? synthesizing steroid hormones synthesizing receptor proteins storing calcium ions detoxifying drugs
synthesizing receptor proteins
The maximum size of a cell is limited by _____. -the amount of flexibility it needs to be able to move -the number of organelles that can be packed inside -its need for enough surface area to make exchanges with its environment -the materials needed to build it
the materials needed to build it
Which cellular organelle is required for photosynthesis to occur in eukaryotic cells? nucleus chloroplasts lysosome Golgi apparatus
chloroplasts
The genetic center of the eukaryotic cell is the __________. nucleolus nucleus lysosomes Golgi apparatus
nucleus
Where is the genetic information of the cell stored?
nucleus
In plants, __________ are the cell junctions that allow the free exchange of small molecules that assist in communication. In animal cells, similar cell junctions are known as __________. anchoring junctions ... gap junctions plasmodesmata ... anchoring junctions tight junctions ... anchoring junctions plasmodesmata ... gap junctions
plasmodesmata ... gap junctions
_____ are surface appendages that allow a bacterium to stick to a surface.
Fimbriae
What is the function of the plasma membrane surrounding a cell?
Regulating the movement of materials in and out of the cell
_____ are the sites of protein synthesis.
Ribosomes
Which of the following describes the function of the chloroplast? -The chloroplast functions as the site of lipid synthesis. -The chloroplast creates internal pressure for a cell. -The chloroplast serves as a protein manufacturing facility. -The chloroplast converts light energy to chemical energy. -The chloroplast stores compounds produced by the cell.
The chloroplast converts light energy to chemical energy.
What name is given to the rigid structure, found outside the plasma membrane, that surrounds and supports the bacterial cell?
cell wall
Which of the following organelles is found only in animal cells and NOT in most plant cells? peroxisome chloroplasts mitochondria lysosome
lysosome
Which of the following correctly matches an organelle with its function? The __________ functions in __________. vacuole ... lipid synthesis ribosome ... DNA replication chloroplast ... cellular respiration lysosome ... recycling of damaged organelles
lysosome ... recycling of damaged organelles
What carries instructions for making proteins from the nucleus into the cytoplasm?
mRNA
Mitochondria appear in the greatest numbers in cells that are __________. dormant dying metabolically active dead
metabolically active
The cilia and flagella of eukaryotic cells are composed of _____. microfilaments intermediate filaments tonofilaments pili microtubules
microtubules
Which of the following cytoplasmic structures participate in the transport of vesicles from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus? microtubules microfilaments actin filaments intermediate filaments
microtubules
The internal skeleton of a cell is composed of _____. -microfilaments only -cellulose and intermediate filaments -microtubules, intermediate filaments, and microfilaments -cellulose, microtubules, and centrioles
microtubules, intermediate filaments, and microfilaments
Where in a cell is ATP made?
mitochondria
Where is a bacterial cell's DNA found?
nucleoid region
Of the following organelles, which group is involved in manufacturing the substances needed by the cell? -ribosome, rough endoplasmic reticulum, smooth endoplasmic reticulum -lysosome, vacuole, ribosome -vacuole, rough endoplasmic reticulum, smooth endoplasmic reticulum -smooth endoplasmic reticulum, ribosome, vacuole
ribosome, rough endoplasmic reticulum, smooth endoplasmic reticulum
In a bacterium, where are proteins synthesized?
ribosomes
Which of the following structure(s) is/are found in prokaryotic cells? ribosomes mitochondria nucleus endoplasmic reticulum
ribosomes
Which of the following is a function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum? synthesizing steroid hormones detoxifying drugs storing calcium ions synthesizing receptor proteins
synthesizing receptor proteins
Membrane proteins are synthesized by ribosomes that are attached to __________. lysosomes the Golgi apparatus the endoplasmic reticulum the nucleolus
the endoplasmic reticulum
Which of the following correctly matches an organelle with its function? The _____ functions in _____. nucleus ... cellular respiration ribosome ... manufacture of lipids vacuole ... storage mitochondrion ... photosynthesis
vacuole ... storage
Which of the following clues would tell you whether a cell is prokaryotic or eukaryotic? -whether or not the cell is partitioned into compartments by internal membranes -the presence or absence of ribosomes -whether or not the cell contains DNA -the presence or absence of a rigid cell wall
whether or not the cell is partitioned into compartments by internal membranes
In addition to phospholipids, the plasma membrane also contains proteins, many of which cross the width of the membrane. Which of the following statements best describes membrane-spanning proteins? -Membrane-spanning proteins are securely attached to several phospholipids, which anchor them in the membrane. -Membrane-spanning proteins are made entirely of hydrophobic amino acids that float freely in the membrane. -Membrane-spanning proteins contain both hydrophobic and hydrophilic amino acids and float freely in the membrane. -Membrane-spanning proteins are made entirely of hydrophilic amino acids that function in materials transport.
Membrane-spanning proteins contain both hydrophobic and hydrophilic amino acids and float freely in the membrane.
Flagella and cilia are both composed of tubulin subunits. Despite this similarity, key differences exist between these two structures. For example, __________. -only flagella have the 9 + 2 pattern of microtubules -only flagella are responsible for movement of single cells -cilia are typically longer than flagella -only cilia move as a coordinated team
only cilia move as a coordinated team
What structure acts as a selective barrier, regulating the traffic of materials into and out of the cell?
plasma membrane
To enter or leave any cell, substances must pass through _____. the nucleus a microtubule the Golgi apparatus a ribosome the plasma membrane
the plasma membrane
Why do both mitochondria and chloroplasts possess circular chromosomes? -All eukaryotic organelles possess their own DNA. -These organelles are too small to hold linear DNA molecules. -The primary function of these organelles is the breakdown and recycling of DNA and other macromolecules. -Both mitochondria and chloroplasts descended from free-living prokaryotes engulfed and maintained by early eukaryotic cells.
Both mitochondria and chloroplasts descended from free-living prokaryotes engulfed and maintained by early eukaryotic cells.
_____ are found only in plant cells, but _____ are found in both plant and animal cells. Lysosomes; plasma membranes Plasma membranes; mitochondria Chloroplasts; central vacuoles Cell walls; chloroplasts Central vacuoles; ribosomes
Central vacuoles; ribosomes
Where would ribosomes responsible for producing sugar-metabolizing enzymes be located? Golgi apparatus Cytoplasm Attached to the smooth endoplasmic reticulum Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Cytoplasm
The DNA-containing region of this bacterial cell is indicated by the letter _____.
D
The eukaryotic cell has multiple membrane-enclosed compartments. This evolutionary innovation provides what advantage to the cell? -The membrane-enclosed spaces led to the evolution of many different cell types, which are extruded to form daughter cells with novel functions. -The membrane-enclosed spaces allow for eukaryotic cells to be larger. -The membrane-enclosed spaces have allowed eukaryotes to evolve forms of metabolism that no longer require the intake of any molecules from outside the cell. -The different membrane-enclosed spaces allow different parts of the cell to perform specific functions.
The different membrane-enclosed spaces allow different parts of the cell to perform specific functions.
What is the relationship between the Golgi apparatus and the plasma membrane? -The finished products of the Golgi apparatus may leave the cell through vesicles that fuse with the plasma membrane. -The Golgi apparatus produces the lipids that make up plasma membranes. -The membranes of the Golgi apparatus and the plasma membrane are continuous. -The plasma membrane stops the products of the Golgi apparatus from leaving the cell.
The finished products of the Golgi apparatus may leave the cell through vesicles that fuse with the plasma membrane.
Your intestine is lined with individual cells. No fluids leak between these cells from the gut into your body. Why? -The intestinal cells are bound together by plasmodesmata. -The intestinal cells are bound together by tight junctions. -The intestinal cells are bound together by gap junctions. -The intestinal cells are fused together into one giant cell.
The intestinal cells are bound together by tight junctions.
a protective structure made of cellulose fibrils.
The plant cell wall
Peroxisomes are organelles that are involved in the _____. -breakdown of fatty acids -generation of energy -synthesis of lipids -production of ribosomes
breakdown of fatty acids
Which of the following is NOT an example of an organelle found in animals? nucleus endoplasmic reticulum cell wall lysosomes
cell wall
Many researchers think that the evolution of eukaryotic cells occurred in stages, with early eukaryotic cells obtaining energy for life-sustaining functions by processing organic compounds. Given this information, which of the following organelles involved in cellular energetics most likely appeared secondarily in eukaryotic cells? nucleus ribosome plasma membrane chloroplast
chloroplast
The structural framework in a cell is the
cytoskeleton
Which of the following components is external to the plasma membrane? cilia chloroplasts extracellular matrix cytoskeleton
extracellular matrix
Mitochondria and chloroplasts are similar in that they both __________; however, they are different in that only chloroplasts, and not mitochondria, __________. -have an internal 9 + 2 arrangement of microtubules ... also have centrioles -have a double membrane ... carry out photosynthesis -deal with energy transformations ... are found only in eukaryotes -have many internal membranes that increase their internal surface area ... are found in plants
have a double membrane ... carry out photosynthesis
Which organelle plays a role in intracellular digestion?
lysosome
In eukaryotic cells the first step in protein synthesis is the _____. -linking of nucleotides to form a polypeptide -transferring of information from DNA to messenger RNA -translation of a DNA nucleotide sequence into a sequence of amino acids -removal of introns from RNA and the stitching together of exons -translation of an RNA nucleotide sequence into a sequence of amino acids
transferring of information from DNA to messenger RNA
If you wished to clearly observe the details of organelles inside a white blood cell, which type of microscope would you choose? transmission electron microscope light microscope dissecting microscope scanning electron microscope
transmission electron microscope
