BIOLOGY CHAPTER 4 VOCABULARY

ROBERT HOOKE

(1665) ENGLISH SCIENTIST THAT SAW "LITTLE BOXES" (REMAINS OF DEAD CELLS) WHEN EXAMINING A PIECE OF THINLY SLICED CORK BARK; USED LIGHT MICROSCOPE.

ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK

(1673) DUTCH TRADER THAT WAS THE FIRST TO OBSERVE LIVING CELLS USING HIS CUSTOM MADE MICROSCOPE (10X MORE THAN HOOKE); OBSERVED "ANIMALCULES" AKA PROTISTS

MATTHIAS SCHLEIDEN

(1848) GERMAN BOTANIST WHO CONCLUDED THAT ALL PLANTS ARE MADE OF CELLS.

THEODOR SCHWANN

(1849) GERMAN ZOOLOGIST WHO CONCLUDED THAT ALL ANIMALS ARE MADE OF CELLS.

RUDOLF VIRCHOW

(1855) GERMAN PHYSICIAN THAT STUDIED THE SPREAD OF DISEASES CONCLUDED THAT ALL CELLS COME FROM OTHER CELLS.

CELL THEORY

-ALL LIVING CELLS ARE COMPOSED OF ONE OR MORE CELLS -CELLS ARE THE BASIC UNITS OF STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION IN AN ORGANISM. -CELLS COME ONLY FROM THE REPRODUCTION OF EXISTING CELLS

COLONIAL ORGANISM

A COLLECTION OF GENETICALLY IDENTICAL CELLS THAT LIVE TOGETHER IN A CONNECTED GROUP.

WHAT ANIMAL CELLS DON'T HAVE

CELL WALL; CENTRAL VACUOLE; PLASTIDS

SECONDARY CELL WALL

DEVELOPS ONLY WHEN THE CELL IS FULLY GROWN; GROWS BETWEEN THE CELL MEMBRANE AND THE PRIMARY CELL WALL.

PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER

DOUBLE LAYER OF PHOSPHOLIPIDS THAT MAKE UP THE CELL MEMBRANE.

NUCLEAR ENVELOPE

DOUBLE MEMBRANE (DOUBLE PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER) SURROUNDING THE NUCLEUS.

CELL-SURFACE MARKERS

GLYCOPROTEIN IDENTIFIES THE CELL TYPE AND ONLY MERGES FROM ONE SIDE OF THE CELL MEMBRANE.

CILIA

HAIR LIKE STRUCTURE THAT EXTENDS FROM THE SURFACE OF THE CELL TO HELP WITH CELLULAR MOVEMENTS; SHORT AND MORE ABUNDANT; MOVEMENT BY COORDINATED BEATING

FLAGELLA

HAIR LIKE STRUCTURE THAT EXTENDS FROM THE SURFACE OF THE CELL TO HELP WITH CELLULAR MOVEMENTS;LONG AND LESS ABUNDANT; WHIP LIKE MOTION

TRANSPORT PROTEINS

HELPS SUBSTANCES MOVE ACROSS THE CELL MEMBRANE.

MICROFILAMENTS

INTERTWINED THREADS; MADE UP OF ACTIN (PROTEIN); ATTRIBUTES TO CELL SHAPE, MOVEMENT OF CYTOPLASM, AND MUSCLE CONTRATION

CENTRAL VACUOLE

LARGE ORGANELLES THAT STORE MATERIALS;USUALLY FILLED WITH WATER; CAN STORE TOXINS, PIGMENTS, ETC.

SMOOTH E.R

LESS ABUNDANT; HAS NO RIBOSOMES; RESPONSIBLE FOR MAKING DIFFERENT SUBSTANCES OR DOING DIFFERENT FUNCTIONS( LIPIDS-CHOLESTEROL, STEROIDS-ESTROGEN,CALCIUM-MUSCLE CONTRACTION, AND HELPS DETOXIFICATION-DRUGS)- PRODUCT DEPENDS IN CELL.; RESPONSIBLE FOR NUMEROUS BIOLOGICAL CHEMICAL ACTIVITIES INCLUDING THE PRODUCTION AND STORAGE OF LIPIDS.

VESICLE

LITTLE SACS THAT CONTAIN THE PRODUCTS OF THE ER AND GOLGI APPARATUS; ARE NAMED ACCORDING TO THEIR CONTENTS

PRIMARY CELL WALL

LOCATED JUS OUTSIDE THE CELL MEMBRANE; GROWS WHILE THE CELL IS GROWING

CYTOSKELETON

LONG PROTEIN STRANDS IN CYTOSOL AND CYTOPLASM THAT PROVIDES CELLULAR SUPPORT AND MOVEMENT OF ORGANELLES; MICROTUBULES,MICROFILAMENTS,INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS.

NUCLEUS

MEMBRANE-BOUND ORGANELLE THAT CONTAINS A CELL'S DNA; THE MOST PROMINENT STRUCTURE WITHIN THE EUKARYOTIC CELL; MAINTAINS ITS SHAPE WITH THE HELP OF PROTEIN SKELETON CALLED THE NUCLEAR MATRIX. WHERE THE DNA IS TRANSCRIBED INTO RNA.

ROUGH E.R.

MORE ABUNDANT; "BUMPY"-RIBOSOMES ATTACHED;MAKES PHOSPHOLIPIDS AND PROTEINS; PRODUCT IS PUT INTO VESICLES.

CENTRIOLES

ONLY ANIMAL CELLS; SHORT CYLINDERS OF MICROTUBULES LOCATED NEAR THE NUCLEUS TO HELP WITH CELL DIVISION.

RIBOSOMES

ORGANELLES MADE OF PROTEIN AND RNA THAT DIRECT PROTEIN SYNTHESIS IN THE CYTOPLASM. THEY DO NOT HAVE A MEMBRANE WHERE RIBOSOME ASSEMBLY OCCURS OR STARTS. CAN BE FREE IN THE CYTOSOL OR ATTACHED TO ROUGH E.R.

PLASTIDS

ORGANELLES THAT ARE SURROUNDED BY A DOUBLE MEMBRANE AND CONTAIN THEIR OWN DNA; CAN STORE LIPIDS, STARCH, AND PIGMENTS; THEY HAVE DIFFERENT NAMES DUE TO WHAT IS IN THEM (CHLOROPLASTS AND CHROMOPLASTS)

EUKARYOTES

ORGANISMS MADE UP OF ONE OR MORE CELLS THAT HAVE A NUCLEUS AND MEMBRANE-BOUND ORGANELLES.

PROKARYOTES

ORGANISMS THAT LACK MEMBRANE-BOUND NUCLEUS AND MEMBRANE-BOUND ORGANELLES.

INTEGRAL PROTEIN

PROTEIN EMBEDDED IN THE CELL MEMBRANE AND PLAYS A ROLE IN ACTIVELY TRANSPORTING MOLECULES INTO THE CELL (3 TYPES: CELL-SURFACE MARKERS; RECEPTOR PROTEINS; TRANSPORT PROTEINS)

NUCLEAR PORES

PROTEIN LINED HOLES COVERING THE SURFACE OF THE NUCLEAR ENVELOPE.

RECEPTOR PROTEINS

RECOGNIZES AND BINDS SUBSTANCES OUTSIDE OF THE CELL

CELL WALL

RIGID STRUCTURE LOCATED OUTSIDE THE CELL MEMBRANE; PROTECT AND SUPPORT THE CELL; CONTAINS CELLULOSE. TWO TYPES: PRIMARY AND SECONDARY

INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS

RODS MADE OF MANY PROTEINS;ANCHORS NUCLEUS AND ORGANELLES IN PLACE; MAINTAINS THE INTERNAL SHAPE OF THE NUCLEUS

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

SERIES OF MEMBRANOUS TUBES AND SACS THAT FUNCTIONS AS A PATH ALONG WHICH MOLECULES MOVE FROM ONE PART OF THE CELL TO ANOTHER.

GLYOXYSOMES

SPECIALIZED PEROXISOMES FOUND IN THE SEEDS OF SOME PLANTS; BREAK DOWN STORED FATS TO PROVIDE ENERGY FOR THE DEVELOPING PLANT EMBRYO.

GOLGI APPARATUS

SYSTEM OF MEMBRANES THAT WORK CLOSELY WITH E.R.; THIS IS WHERE THE ER'S PRODUCT IS REFINED AND THUS PROCESSED, PACKED, AND SENT WHERE IT NEEDS TO GO.; PRODUCTS CAN BE MODIFIED BY ADDING CARB. LABELS TO PROTEINS OR ALTERING LIPIDS.

PLASMA MEMBRANE

THE CELL'S OUTER BOUNDARY THE COVERS A CELL'S SURFACE AND ACTS AS A BARRIER BETWEEN THE INSIDE AND THE OUTSIDE OF A CELL.

CRISTAE

THE FOLDS OF THE MITOCHONDRIA INNER MEMBRANE; CONTAINS PROTEINS THAT CARRY OUT ENERGY HARVESTING CHEMICAL REACTIONS.

CHROMATIN

THE FORM OF DNA WHEN IT IS NOT DIVIDING. (THREAD-LIKE)

CHROMOSOMES

THE FORM OF DNA WHEN THE CELL IS ABOUT TO DIVIDE; CONDENSED CHROMATIN.

CYTOSOL

THE PART OF TE CYTOPLASM THAT INCLUDES THE MOLECULES AND SMALL PARTICLES, SUCH AS RIBOSOMES, BUT NOT MEMBRANE BOUND ORGANELLES.

CYTOPLASM

THE REGION OF THE CELL THAT IS WITHIN THE PLASMA MEMBRANE AND THAT INCLUDES THE FLUID, THE CYTOSKELETON, AND ALL OF THE ORGANELLES EXCEPT THE NUCLEUS

NUCLEOLUS

THE SITE WHERE DNA IS CONCENTRATED WHEN IT IS IN THE PROCESS OF MAKING RIBOSOMAL RNA.

CELL

THE SMALLEST UNIT THAT CAN CARRY ON ALL OF THE PROCESSES OF LIFE

MITOCHONDRIA

TINY ORGANELLES THAT TRANSFER ENERGY FROM ORGANIC MOLECULES(CARBS, LIPIDS, ETC.) TO ATP. HAS ITS OWN DNA;-ENDOSYMBIOSIS THEORY

MICROTUBULES

TUBES MADE TUBULIN (PROTEIN); HOLDS ORGANELLES IN PLACE, MAINTAINS A CELL'S SHAPE, AND ACTS AS TRACKS THAT GUIDE ORGANELLES AND MOLECULES AS THEY MOVE WITH IN THE CELL.

PEROXISOMES

VESICLES THAT ARE ACTIVE IN DETOXIFICATION;ABUNDANT IN LIVER/KIDNEY CELLS; NEUTRALIZES FREE RADICALS (OXYGEN ION-PREMATURE AGING AND CANCER FORMATION)

LYSOSOMES

VESICLES THAT BUD FROM THE G. APP. AND CONTAIN DIGESTIVE ENZYMES (HYDROLYTIC ENZYMES); "CLEAN UP"-THEY DIGEST BACTERIA, CARBS, ETC. INVOLVED IN AUTOPHAGY AND AUTOLYSIS

AUTOLYSIS

WHEN LYSOSOMES DIGEST DAMAGED OR EXTRA CELLS.

AUTOPHAGY

WHEN LYSOSOMES DIGEST WORN OUT ORGANELLES.

PHOTOSYNTHESIS

WHEN PLANTS TAKE CARBON DIOXIDE GAS FROM THE AIR AND THEY CONVERT CARBON DIOXIDE AND WATER INTO SUGARS.