Biology chapter 6
In electron transport, high-energy electrons "fall" to oxygen through a series of reactions. The energy released is used to _____.
transport protons into the intermembrane space of the mitochondria, where they become concentrated. They then flow back out into the the inner compartment (matrix) of the mitochondria. On the way back, protons turn ATP synthase turbines and produce ATP.
How many NADH are produced by glycolysis?
two
In glycolysis there is a net gain of _____ ATP.
two
________ ________ involves electron transport and _________
Oxidative phosphorylation, chemiosmosis
What is the role of oxygen in cellular respiration?
Oxygen accepts high-energy electrons after they are stripped from glucose.
oxidation of pyruvate
Produces acetyl CoA, CO2, and NADH.
Glycolysis
occurs in the cytosol
In cellular respiration, most ATP molecules are produced by _____.
oxidative phosphorylation
Most ATP production occurs by
oxidative phosphorylation
In cellular respiration, glucose becomes __________ to carbon dioxide (CO2) as it loses electrons (in hydrogen atoms).
oxidized
NADH delivers electrons to an electron transport chain, which passes the electrons through carrier molecules in a series of redox reactions to the final electron acceptor,
oxygen
The final electron acceptor of cellular respiration is _____.
oxygen
Photosynthesis and cellular respiration
provide energy for life
After glycolysis but before the citric acid cycle,
pyruvate is oxidized.
After pyruvate __ oxidized, the ______ ______ ______ completes the energy-yielding oxidation of organic molecules
pyruvate is oxidized; citric acid cycle
In cellular respiration, oxygen becomes ________ to water (H2O) as it gains electrons (in hydrogen atoms) that came from glucose.
reduced
Glycolysis is the only stage of cellular respiration that __________.
requires ATP to make ATP
A small amount of ATP is made in glycolysis by __________.
substrate-level phosphorylation
ATP is formed by __________ _____________, in which a phosphate group is transferred from an organic molecule to ADP.
substrate-level phosphorylation
In glycolysis, ATP molecules are produced by _____.
substrate-level phosphorylation
In the citric acid cycle (also called the Krebs cycle), ATP molecules are produced by _____.
substrate-level phosphorylation
Breathing
supplies O2 for use in cellular respiration and removes CO2
Citric Acid Cycle
take place in mitochondria
Pyruvate oxidation
take place in mitochondria
Pyruvate Oxidation
takes place in mitochondria, inner membrane, matrix
Cellular respiration accomplishes two major processes: (1) it breaks glucose down into smaller molecules, and (2) it harvests the chemical energy released and stores it in ATP molecules. By the end of _____, the breakdown of glucose is complete; most ATP molecules are produced during _____.
the Citric Acid cycle ... electron transport
Which part(s) of cellular respiration take(s) place in the mitochondria?
the Citric Acid cycle and the electron transport chain
Most NADH molecules generated during cellular respiration are produced during __________.
the citric acid cycle
Chemiosmosis
the enzyme ATP Synthase will make ATP by allowing electrons-H to flow back into the matrix
Where do the reactions of the citric acid cycle occur in eukaryotic cells?
the mitochondrion
Oxidative phosphorylation could not occur without glycolysis and the citric acid cycle, because __________.
these two stages supply the electrons needed for the electron transport chain
NADH and FADH 2 are important in cellular respiration because they deliver high-energy electrons to the electron transport system. Electron transport produces _____ ATP molecule(s) per NADH molecule and _____ ATP molecules(s) perFADH 2 molecule.
three ... two
Reactions to extract energy from food (breaking bonds) and store it in ATP to be used later
to fuel cellular work
pyruvate is oxidized to make
2 acetyl CoA and make NADH and CO2
Yields products
2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, 2 NADH
oxidative phosphorylation- making
28 ATP
In glycolysis, what starts the process of glucose breakdown?
ATP
The energy released from the redox reactions in the electron transport chain is used by the cell to make
ATP
In the first stage of cellular respiration (glycolysis), two molecules of pyruvate are produced in the cytosol. In the remaining stages of cellular respiration, a number of additional products are produced, such as __________. These other stages occur in the __________.
ATP ... mitochondria
During chemiosmosis,
ATP is synthesized when H+ ions move through a channel in ATP synthase.
Make ATP
(Energy for cellular work) (Heat is also lost to heat body)
For each glucose that enters glycolysis, _____ NADH enter the electron transport chain.
10
As a result of glycolysis, there is a net gain of ________ ATP(s).
2
The energy production per each glucose molecule through the citric acid cycle is __________.
2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2
produce up to __ ___ molecules for every glucose molecule oxidized in cellular respiration.
32 ATP
cellular respiration:can produce up to ___ ATP molecules from __ glucose molecule
32;1
uses most as energy with ____ rest of the energy lost as heat to keep body warm (which is good).
34%
Substrate-level phosphorylation-making
4 ATP
In cellular respiration, which of the following outcomes is the result of electrons moving through the electron transport chain (or its components)?
A proton gradient is formed
The overall equation for the cellular respiration of glucose is
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy
citric acid cycle
Complete the oxidation of food
Which of the following best describes the electron transport chain?
Electrons are passed from one carrier to another, releasing a little energy at each step.
Which of these is NOT a product of glycolysis?
FADH2
__________ harvests chemical energy by oxidizing glucose to pyruvate
Glycolysis
cellular respiration
In animal cells (consumers), We eat plant food and release the potential energy, cell captures uses some of the released energy to make ATP, and CO2 and water, The rest of the released energy is released as HEAT
photosynthesis
In plant cells, energy in sunlight is captured by chloroplasts, atoms of carbon dioxide and water are rearranged, sugar and oxygen are produced.
We inhale O2 and we exhale CO2. Carbon dioxide is produced __________.
In the reaction that creates acetyl CoA (coenzyme A) from pyruvate
Transfer electrons to acceptors in a series of reactions
NAD and FAD acceptors pass electrons in electron transport chain
In cellular respiration, organic molecules become oxidized as _____ picks up electrons and H+ and becomes reduced to NADH.
NAD+
During electron transport, energy from _____ is used to pump hydrogen ions into the _____.
NADH and FADH2 ... intermembrane space
At the end of the citric acid cycle, most of the energy remaining from the original glucose is stored in
NADH.
Final electron acceptor is oxygen
Now that we used electrons for energy, pass to oxygen to make water
Which of these enters the citric acid cycle (also called the Krebs cycle)?
acetyl CoA
Which of these is NOT a product of the citric acid cycle (also called the Krebs cycle)?
acetyl CoA
Citric Acid Cycle
acetyl CoA enters the cycle and transformed via stripping off carbon and electrons, making 2 ATP, 3NADH, FADH, and 2CO2
Glucose enters the cell to be broken down
break bonds to release energy via exergonic and oxidation reactions
By-products of cellular respiration include
carbon dioxide and water.
The O2 required for __________ is supplied by __________.
cellular respiration ... breathing
In chemiosmosis, the H+ gradient drives H+ back through the enzyme complex _____ _______ in the inner membrane, synthesizing __ ___ for 1 molecule of glucose
chemiosmosis; ATP synthase; 28 ATP
Electrons are removed from fuel by _____ enzymes via ____ _______then are transferred to ____(the electron carrier) via _____
dehydrogenase; oxidation reactions; NAD+, reduction reactions
During cellular respiration, NADH
delivers its electron load to the first electron carrier molecule.
In mitochondria, electrons from NADH and FADH2are passed down the ______ ________ _____ to O2, which picks up H+ to form water
electron transport chain
NADH later passes electrons to an
electron transport chain.
The transfer of _________ from one molecule to another is an oxidation-reduction reaction, or redox reaction.
electrons
Electron Transport Chain
electrons acceptors pass electrons-H off to enzymes embedded in the inner mito membrane.
Eat food
food is the potential energy, cells extract energy in the form of electrons
Pyruvate
forms at the end of glycolysis.
Each turn of the citric acid cycle processes one two-carbon acetyl molecule, which generates one ATP and ___ additional energy-rich molecules: __________.
four; 3 NADH and 1 FADH2
Digest food
from mouth, to stomach, to intestine, to blood, to cells
Extracts electrons from glucose in a series of reactions
glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, and citric acid cycle
not all of the energy in food will be used to make ATP, some will be lost as _____
heat
Cellular respiration banks energy
in ATP
Aerobic cellular respiration completely breaks down a glucose molecule through glycolysis and the citric acid cycle. However, these two processes yield only a few ATPs. The majority of the energy the cell derived from glucose is __________.
in NADH and FADH2
Respiration
in the breathing sense refers to an exchange of gases.
These three-carbon _______ are oxidized to two molecules of ________
intermediates; pyruvate
cellular respiration
is an exergonic (energy-releasing) process that transfers energy from glucose to form ATP
During cellular respiration, energy in glucose
is carried by electrons.
Cellular respiration
is the aerobic (oxygen-requiring) harvesting of energy from food molecules by cells.
The proximate (immediate) source of energy for oxidative phosphorylation is _____.
kinetic energy that is released as hydrogen ions diffuse down their concentration gradient
In cellular respiration, glucose __________ electrons, whereas __________ electrons.
loses ... oxygen gains
A molecule that functions as the electron donor in a redox reaction __________.
loses electrons and becomes oxidized
Oxidation is the ________, and reduction is the ________.
loss of electrons; gain of electrons
Primarily, cellular respiration serves to __________.
make ATP to power the cell's activities
Lungs are to breathing as __________ are to cellular respiration.
mitochondria
The electron transport chain is a series of electron carrier molecules. In eukaryotes, where is this structure found?
mitochondria
The enzymes of the citric acid cycle are located in the
mitochondrial matrix
Breath in oxygen
need oxygen as final electron acceptor in mitochondria
