Biology Chapter 7-1, 7-2
Chloroplasts and mitochondria are organelles involved in capturing and releasing energy. Where are they found and what are their functions?
-Chloroplasts capture the energy from sunlight and convert it into food that contains chemical energy in a process called photosynthesis. (in plants) -Mitochondria convert the chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cell in cell respiration. (in plants and animals)
Describe the structure and function of the cytoskeleton.
-network of protein filaments -help to transport materials between different parts of the cell -supports the cell
Describe the steps of how proteins are assembled
-ribosomes from the RER move in vesicles to the Golgi apparatus -Golgi modifies the proteins -move through the cell in vesicles and out through the cell membrane
What are centrioles?
Centrioles are located near the nucleus and help to organize cell division formed from tubulins.
What do eukaryotes include?
Eukaryotes include animals, plants, fungi, protists
What do "free" ribosomes do?
Free ribosomes are not attached to membranes and make proteins for the cell
What are lysosomes and what is their function?
Lysosomes are the small organelles filled with enzymes that function like a cleanup crew for stuff that might accumulate the cell and breakdown other organelles and molecules that are not needed.
Do you receive your mitochondria from your mom or dad? Why?
Mom because they are located in egg cells.
Define organelles.
Organelles are small structures surrounded by a double membrane in a cell.
What organisms contain a big, central vacuole and why?
Plants contain a big, central vacuole to support the structure of the plant.
What are the two portions of the ER?
RER (ribosomes): portion of the ER involved in the synthesis of proteins SER (no ribosomes): contains collections of enzymes that perform specialized tasks such as making lipids
What are ribosomes and what is their function?
Ribosomes are small particles of DNA and protein found throughout the cytoplasm that move and produce proteins.
What does it mean that the cell membranes are selectively permeable?
Some substances can pass through, while others cannot.
What is the name of the disease cause by a missing enzyme in lysosomes?
Tay Sachs
What is the endoplasmic reticulum?
The ER is the organelle made of membranes and internal membrane system where lipid components of the cell membrane are assembled.
Describe the structure and function of the Golgi apparatus.
The Golgi apparatus modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and other materials from the ER for storage in the cell.
Why is the cell membrane considered a fluid mosaic?
The cell membrane is considered a fluid mosaic because the proteins embedded in the lipid bilayer can move around and float. (made of different parts)
What is the cell membrane made of?
The cell membrane is made of a lipid bilayer: double-layered sheet, proteins, and sugar molecules.
What is the function of the cell membrane?
The cell membrane regulates what enters and leaves the cell and also protects and supports the cell.
What is the cell wall and in which organism is it found?
The cell wall is the strong, supporting layer around the membrane, but is stronger than the membrane. It is found in plants and in some protists.
What is the cytoplasm?
The cytoplasm is the fluid portion of the cell outside the nucleus.
What is the nuclear envelope?
The nuclear envelope is dotted with thousands of pores which allow materials to move in and out of the nucleus, especially the RNA and other molecules.
What is the nucleus and what does it contain?
The nucleus is the control center of the cell that contains the genetic information or DNA for the rest of the cells.
What are vacuoles and what do they store?
Vacuoles are large, sac-like, membrane-enclosed structures that store materials such as water, salts, carbohydrates, and proteins.
What are vesicles?
Vesicles are smaller membrane-enclosed structure used to store and move materials between cell organelles, as well as to and from the cell surface.
What features do all cells have?
cell membrane and DNA
DNA and proteins form chromatin that forms what?
chromosomes
What are the two main protein filaments that make up the cytoskeleton?
microfilaments and microtubles (centrioles, flagella, cilia)
What is the meaning of the words prokaryote and eukaryote?
prokaryote: before the nucleus eukaryote: with the beautiful nucleus
List 3-4 differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
prokaryotic: no organelles no nucleus simpler ribosomes eukaryotic: organelles nucleus complex
In the nucleus, what are assembled in the nucleolus?
ribosomes
Do chloroplasts and mitochondria contain DNA?
yes