Biology - Chapter 8, Exam 2

During inspiration, intercostal muscles function to a. Flatten the diaphragm b. pull the rib cage up and out, so that lung volume increases. c. constrict the lungs so that intrapulmonary pressure increases. d. separate the layers of pleural membranes. e. increase blood flow to lung tissue.

b. pull the rib cage up and out, so that lung volume increases.

Once a bolus of food has been formed in the mouth, it is passed by the tongue and jaws to the a. Esophagus b. Stomach c. Pharynx d. Nasal passageway e. Small intestine

c. Pharynx

The process by which undigested material is removed from the gastrointestinal tract is a. Secretion b. Urination c. Mechanical processing d. Elimination e. Absorption

d. Elimination

The process by which food is propelled through the digestive tract by alternating contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle is a. Secretion b. Elimination c. Chemical digestion d. Peristalsis e. Absorption

d. Peristalsis

valve closes

muscle relaxes

3 mechanisms assisting in blood return

1. contraction of skeletal muscles 2. one-way valves permit only one-way blood flow 3. pressure changes associated with breathing push blood toward the heart

the heart has 4 chambers and 4 valves

4 valves: (prevent backflow) 2 atrioventricular vales

Ventilation refers to the process by which a. gases are exchanged between the cells and the lungs. b. gases are exchanged between the air and the blood. c. air moves into and out of the lungs. d. gases are exchanged between the blood and the cells. e. ATPs are produced. Feedback

c. air moves into and out of the lungs.

Most of the carbon dioxide released by cells is transported in the venous supply in what form? a. free carbon dioxide gas b. oxyhemoglobin c. soluble bicarbonate ion d. bound to hemoglobin e. carbon monoxide

c. soluble bicarbonate ion

precapillary sphincters

control blood flow from arterioles into capillaries

Which one of the following is considered an accessory digestive organ? a. Pancreas b. Stomach c. Small intestine d. Esophagus e. Large intestine

a. Pancreas

When air entering the respiratory tract leaves the pharynx, it next enters the a. Bronchioles b. Larynx c. Alveoli d. Bronchi e. Sinuses

b. Larynx

Which of the following structures is the location of gas exchange between the inhaled air and the blood? a. Trachea b. Bronchioles c. Alveoli d. Bronchi e. Pleura

c. Alveoli

Which one of the following muscles separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity? a. Intercostal b. Intracostal c. Cardiac d. Diaphragm e. Spleen

d. Diaphragm

Air in the airways that does not participate in gas exchange is known as a. expiratory reserve volume. b. tidal volume. c. inspiratory reserve volume. d. dead space volume. e. Vital capacity

d. dead space volume.

A small amount of fluid is contained in the pleural cavity to a. promote the exchange of nutrients with both lungs. b. allow gas exchange between the lungs and the blood stream. c. allow white blood cells and macrophages access to foreign antigens entering the body through air. d. function as a lubricant as the lungs move during ventilation. e. serve as a shock absorber for the lungs during body movement.

d. function as a lubricant as the lungs move during ventilation.

The salivary glands include a. the parotid and pancreatic glands b. sublingual, submandibular, and pancreatic glands c. parotid, submandibular, and subesophageal glands d. sublingual, parotid, and submandibular glands e. subesophageal, pancreatic, and sublingual glands.

d. sublingual, parotid, and submandibular glands

Which of the following occurs as air is drawn through the nose? a. Water is removed, and the air becomes drier. b. Carbon dioxide is removed from the air and replaced with oxygen. c. Air is mixed with odorants to produce smells. d. Harmful allergens and other toxic materials such as cigarette smoke and asbestos are removed. e. Air is warmed, filtered, and humidified.

e. Air is warmed, filtered, and humidified.

Which one of the following components of saliva has antibacterial properties? a. Sodium bicarbonate b. Amylase c. Mucin d. HCl e. Lysozyme

e. Lysozyme

Muscular movements that mix food in the lumen of the small intestine are referred to as a. Secretion b. Elimination c. Absorption d. Muscularis e. Segmentation

e. Segmentation

blood flow

heart --> arteries --. arterioles --> capillaries

valve opens

muscle contracts

vasoconstriction

- Contraction of vascular smooth muscle - Decreases blood flow to capillaries

circulatory system

- heart, vessels, blood - open = blood bathes organs directly - closed = blood is confined to vessels

vasodilation

- relaxation of vascular smooth muscle - increases blood flow to capillaries

veins

- return blood to the heart - are thin-walled - structure: 3 layers

arterioles

- smallest arteries

capillaries

- where blood and tissues exchange substances - are microscopic - does not have connective and smooth muscle, only have endothelium (only one cell later thick)

the heart has 4 chambers and 4 valves

4 chambers: - 2 atria: upper chambers - 2 ventricles: lower chambers - septum: muscular partition separating right and left sides of the heart

Gastric juice in the stomach is composed of a. HCL, fluids secreted from gastric glands, pepsinogen. b. chyme, HCL, mucus c. HCL, secretin, saliva. d. pepsinogen, secretin, serosa. e. fluids from gastric glands only.

a. HCL, fluids secreted from gastric glands, pepsinogen.

The layer of the gastrointestinal tract wall that is responsible for motility is the a. Muscularis b. Mucosa c. Serosa d. Submucosa e. Glandular

a. Muscularis

During swallowing, a. the epiglottis bends to close the trachea. b. smooth muscle in the esophagus contracts slightly. c. the tongue flattens to the bottom of the mouth. d. salivary secretions stop. e. the hard palate rises to close the nasal passages.

a. the epiglottis bends to close the trachea.

veins return blood to the heart

capillaries --> venules --> veins --> heart

Bronchioles differ from bronchi in that they a. warm air to body temperature. b. contain only smooth muscle. c. filter and humidify air. d. can have alveoli attached to them. e. are lined by a ciliated epithelium.

d. can have alveoli attached to them.

arteries

- carry blood away from the heart - transport blood under high pressure - are thick-walled - have more muscle than veins

walls of arteries and veins contain 3 layers of tissue

- connective - smooth muscle - endothelium

circulation

- diffusion alone = not enough to transport substances in a body

capillary beds

- extensive networks of capillaries

cardiovascular system

- heart and blood vessels