Biology Chapters 20-22
These can include ___________ relationships, such that exist in the intestines of humans.
Commensalistic
Viral spikes
Attach specifically to host cell receptors
During the _____________ stage, the capsid of a virus combines with receptors on the cell's plasma membrane.
Attachment
It's believed that these bacteria are responsible for first introducing _______ into the primitive atmosphere.
Oxygen
The lysogenic cycle is different from the lytic cycle because in the _________ cycle, viruses do not immediately replicate after entry into the host cell.
Lysogenic
This ______ is eventually replicated by the host cell and all subsequent cell carry copies of the ________ genome.
Prophage
Once the virus is ready to infect the next host cell, the _______ breaks from the lysogenic cycle and rejoins the lytic cycle at the ____________ stage.
Prophage, Biosynthesis
It is also known that prions can cause alterations in the structure of other ___________; however, the mechanism needs more research before it it understood.
Proteins
A prophage is
phage DNA integrated into host cell genome.
The __________ contains chlorophylls a and b used for photosynthesis.
Green Algae
These ___________ can be _______________________.
Green Algae, Multicellular or Unicellular
The supergroup Archeaplastida includes land plants and other photosynthesizers, such as ________, which include the chlorophytes and charophytes, and __________/
Green Algae, Red Algae
Amoebozoans are predominantly ______ organisms that move through the use of __________.
Aquatic, Pseudopods
Prokaryotic Structures and Functions 1. Ribosome 2. Flagellum 3. Cell Wall 4. Plasmid 5. Cell Membrane 6. Capsule
1. Protein Synthesis 2. Movement 3. Gives cells strength and structure 4. Accessory DNA that contains some genes 5. Encloses cytoplasm and cell contents 6. Polysaccharide coating outside the cell wall
Seven Fungal Lineages
1. Chytridiomycota 2. Blastocladiomycota 3. Glomeromycota 4. Ascomycota 5. Basidiomycota 6. Zygomycota 7. Neocallimastigomycota
Foraminiferans and Radiolarians Characteristics
1. Composed of a silica shell called a test 2. Date back to the Precambrian Era 3. Used as index fossils for relative dating 4. Member of supergroup Rhizaria 5. Responsible for White Cliffs of Dover, England 6. Contain threadlike pseudopodia 7. Composed of a calcium corbonate shell called a test
Fungi Characteristics
1. Contain mycelium with hyphae 2. Cell walls contain chitin 3. Saprotrophic; absorb food
Fungi and Animals Characteristics
1. Eukaryotic 2. Heterotrophic 3. Store energy as glycogen
Opisthokonta
1. Include aminals and fungi 2. Can have flagella 3. Include sponge-like choanoflagellates 4. Feed on algae and cyanobacteria 5. Can be unicellular, multicellular, or colonial
Animal Characteristics
1. Ingest food 2. Contain no cell walls
Facts That Support the Endosymbiotic Theory
1. Mitochondria and chloroplasts often leave cells , surviving well on their own. 2. Mitochondria and chloroplasts are surrounded by two membranes 3. Mitochondria are about the same size as most bacteria.
Characteristics unique to viruses to demonstrate an understanding of the differences between viruses and living organisms.
1. Obligate intracellular parasites 2. Require a host for replication 3. Do not respond to stimuli
The oldest fungi fossils are dated around _____________ years old. Scientists don't know for certain when the very first fungi appeared on Earth, but it was a very long time ago.
460
___________ belongs to the ___________ supergroup and is responsible for red tide, a blooming event that kills fish, causing financial loss to fisherman.
Alexandrum Catanella, Chromalveolata
Ulva, a multicellular chlorophyte, has a(n) ____________ life cycle, like that of land plants; fertilization of ___________ gametes result in a ________ zygote that first develops into the sporophyte and the sporangium before _________ produces ______ spores, beginning the cycle over again.
Alternation of Generations, Haploid, Diploid, Meosis, Haploid
The supergroup Amobozoa also includes ________, which frequent freshwater lakes and streams.
Amoeboids
Similar to ________, they have store energy in the form of _________.
Animals, Glycogen
Cells produced during the __________ phase are called spores. These are __________ as they contain only one set of chromosomes.
Asexual, Haploid
Basidiomycota Reproduction
Basidiospores, sexual
Prokaryotic organisms can reproduce asexually by _________, in which the DNA replicates and the cell grows and divides in two.
Binary Fission
During the ________ stage, viral nucleic acids and capsid components are produced.
Biosynthesis
Once biosynthesized, they exist through ______ where the virus picks up its ________ from the host lipid membrane.
Budding, Envelope
Slime molds lack _________ and have _______ at some stage of their life cycle.
Cell Walls, Flagella
The ______________ are thought to be the group most closely related to land plants.
Charophytes
The ____________ are _____________ in structure and include _____________.
Charophytes, Filamentous, Spirogyra
Fungal cells have cell walls comprised of _______.
Chitin
The _______________ include _________ and Chlamydomonas.
Chlorophytes, Volvox
Ascomycota Reproduction
Conidiospores, asexual; ascus with spores, sexual
Some bacteria can exchange genetic information through a pilus during a process called _________.
Conjugation
They are becoming increasingly known to cause disease in ___________.
Crops
During this stage, viral ________ becomes incorporated into host cell __________.
DNA, DNA
This __________ integrates with the host DNA and more _______ can be copied from this to biosynthesize HIV.
DNA, RNA
The provirus state exists when
Double-stranded viral DNA is integrated into host cell chromosome.
Once HIV enters the cell through fusion or __________, the capsid is removed by _________.
Endocytosis, Enzymes
When faced with unfavorable conditions, some bacteria form thick-walled _________.
Endospores
Here, bacteria can produce _______ to resist human immunity and _________ to cause disease; in this sense _____________ benefit, while ___________ are harmed.
Endospores, Toxins, Bacteria, Humans
___________ belongs to the supergroup _______ and causes dysentery.
Entameoba Histolytica, Amoebozoa
Some, such as __________, cause dysentery in humans.
Entamoeba Histolytica
HIV contains an outer membranous __________ beyond its capsid that helps attach to _________- on the host cell surface.
Envelope, Receptors
Fungi release special _______ into the environment to break down dead and decaying organic matter so that its nutrients can be absorbed.
Enzymes
Here, bacteria ______________ into a form usable by plants and plant nodules provide a habitat for the bacteria. Bacteria also obtain energy from this process. In this sense, both bacteria and plants ___________.
Fix Nitrogen, Benefit
Cyanobacteria are found in ______________________.
Fresh and Salt Waters, Soils, and Hotsprings
Endospores are resistant structures that contain cytoplasm and genetic material and that can _________ when favorable conditions resume.
Germinate
__________ belongs to the supergroup _________ and is a parasite that infects humans and is transmitted through contaminated water.
Giardia Lamblia, Excavata
Cyanobacteria are ______________ bacteria that are ____________, because they use solar energy to convert carbon dioxide into organic compounds, and many are also ____________, meaning they convert gaseous nitrogen into usable forms.
Gram-negative, Photoautotrophic, Nitrogen-fixing
Chlamydomonas, which is a chlorophyte, undergoes a _________ life cycle common to algae. In favorable conditions, it reproduces _____________ via ____________, while in unfavorable conditions, it reproduces _________, produces a zygospore which undergoes a period of dormancy until conditions improve.
Haploid, Asexually, Mitosis, Sexually
When _______ hyphae fuse during sexual reproduction, the stage depicted in part B of the figure above results, which is termed ______. This stage takes its name from the term for a hypha that contains paired haploid ___, at which point each cell in that hypha is _____.
Haploid, Dikaryotic, Nuclei, N+N
One stage, depicted in part A of the figure above, is termed ______, at which point each cell is ____.
Haploid, N
Fungi and animals are _________; however, fungi are __________, a special type of heterotroph that absorbs food from the environment instead of eating it.
Hetertrophs, Saprotrophs
Here, E. Coli flourishes on oxygen provided by humans, so in that sense, ___________ are unaffected, while ____________ are benefited.
Humans, Bacteria
These _____ increase the surface area, maximizing the absorption of nutrients.
Hyphae
Some species of fungi have ________ that are partitioned by walls called ________.
Hyphae, Septae
During the lysogenic cycle, the attachment and penetration stages are followed by a(n) _________ stage.
Integration
When a virus is _______, it remains dormant in the cell without replicating.
Latent
It is during this time that the virus becomes ___________ and is now called a _________.
Latent, Prophage
Other diseases, such as _____________, are known to be caused by prions, or __________________ particles.
Mad Cow Disease, Proteinaceous Infecious
Cyanobacteria contain ______ pigments used for photosynthesis and are rather _________ cells in size,=.
Many, Large
During the ____________ stage, viral nucleic acids and capsid components are assembled to produce viral particles.
Maturation
The ability to become ___________ likely evolved separately after the protist and fungi lineages diverged.
Multicellular
The body of most fungi is __________ and known as a(n) __________, which is divided into a network of filaments called ________.
Multicellular, Mycelium, Hyphae
These can also include ______________ relationships, such as those that exist with root nodules of legumes.
Mutualistic
They can also form ________ relationships, such as those with ________ to from ________.
Mutualistic, Fungi, Lichens
Fungi tend to be _________, although some do contain __________ at some point in their life cycle.
Nonmotile, Flagella
Sometimes immediately, other times after days, months, or years, the _____ fuse, forming hyphae that are at the stage represented by part c of the figure above. In this stage, a _______ cell called the ________ has formed.
Nuclei, Diploid, Zygote
These can also include ________ relationships, such as those that cause disease in humans.
Parasitic
During the ___________ stage, enzymes digest cell wall and membrane material so that viral nucleic acids can enter into the host cell.
Penetration
____________ belongs to the ____________ supergroup and is responsible for a potato blight that caused a famine in Ireland that killed millions.
Phytopthora Infetans, Chromalveolata
They typically exist as multinucleate ________ that develop fruiting bodies called _________.
Plasmodia, Sporangia
_________ belongs to the _________ supergroup and is responsible for malaria.
Plasmodium vivax, Chromalveolata
Prions are __________ that have changed shape so that they cause infection and ______________ disorders.
Proteins, Neurodegenerative
Viroids are naked strands of __________ that are not covered by a _________, rendering them different from viruses.
RNA, Capsid
Once the _____ genome is uncovered, reverse transcription occurs, and ________ is synthesized.
RNA, DNA
The ____________ are ________________ organisms that contain red and blue accessory pigments, allowing them to undergo photosynthesis even in ___________ waters.
Red Algae, Multicellular, Deep
During the ________ stage, lysozyme is produced, rupturing the cell membrane and releasing viral particles.
Release
HIV is a _________, meaning that it contains ______ that is converted into _____ once within the host cell.
Retrovirus, RNA, DNA
Fungi reproduce both sexually and asexually. In terrestrial fungi, _____ reproduction occurs in three stages.
Sexual
Fungi reproduce ______________ during their life cycles.
Sexually and Asexually
Spirogyra, an unbranced charophyte, reproduces ____________ via a temporary union during which cells exchange genetic information, termed ___________. During this process, two __________ filaments line up parallel to one another and the contents of one filament are transferred to the filament of the other, producing ____________ zygospores.
Sexually, Conjugation, Haploid, Diploid
Chara, a freshwater charophyte, reproduces _________ when flagellated sperm and a single egg produced a male and female reproductive structures fuse to produce a __________ zygote.
Sexually, Diploid
Chytrids are the __________ fungi, thought to have evolved _______ after the fungi lineage diverged.
Simplest, First
They include _______, or decomposers that feed on dead on decaying organic matter.
Slime Molds
These ________ release _____ that germinate under favorable conditions.
Sporangia, Spores
Glomeromycota Reproduction
Spores, asexual
Intimate relationships between two different species are called ______________ relationships.
Symbiotic
_____________ belongs to the supergroup _______ and causes the deadly Chagas disease that plagues Central and South America.
Trpanosoma Cruzi, Excavata
Fungi and __________ share a common ancestor were most likely ________ flagellated _______.
Unicellular, Protists
Chytridiomycota Reproduction
Zoospores, most asexual
Neocallimastigomycota Reproduction
Zoospores; life cycle is strictly anaerobic
Blastocladiomycota Reproduction
Zoospores; some exhibit alternation of generations
The ____ then undergoes meiosis to form haploid cells.
Zygote