Biology Chapters 20-22

These can include ___________ relationships, such that exist in the intestines of humans.

Commensalistic

Viral spikes

Attach specifically to host cell receptors

During the _____________ stage, the capsid of a virus combines with receptors on the cell's plasma membrane.

Attachment

It's believed that these bacteria are responsible for first introducing _______ into the primitive atmosphere.

Oxygen

The lysogenic cycle is different from the lytic cycle because in the _________ cycle, viruses do not immediately replicate after entry into the host cell.

Lysogenic

This ______ is eventually replicated by the host cell and all subsequent cell carry copies of the ________ genome.

Prophage

Once the virus is ready to infect the next host cell, the _______ breaks from the lysogenic cycle and rejoins the lytic cycle at the ____________ stage.

Prophage, Biosynthesis

It is also known that prions can cause alterations in the structure of other ___________; however, the mechanism needs more research before it it understood.

Proteins

A prophage is

phage DNA integrated into host cell genome.

The __________ contains chlorophylls a and b used for photosynthesis.

Green Algae

These ___________ can be _______________________.

Green Algae, Multicellular or Unicellular

The supergroup Archeaplastida includes land plants and other photosynthesizers, such as ________, which include the chlorophytes and charophytes, and __________/

Green Algae, Red Algae

Amoebozoans are predominantly ______ organisms that move through the use of __________.

Aquatic, Pseudopods

Prokaryotic Structures and Functions 1. Ribosome 2. Flagellum 3. Cell Wall 4. Plasmid 5. Cell Membrane 6. Capsule

1. Protein Synthesis 2. Movement 3. Gives cells strength and structure 4. Accessory DNA that contains some genes 5. Encloses cytoplasm and cell contents 6. Polysaccharide coating outside the cell wall

Seven Fungal Lineages

1. Chytridiomycota 2. Blastocladiomycota 3. Glomeromycota 4. Ascomycota 5. Basidiomycota 6. Zygomycota 7. Neocallimastigomycota

Foraminiferans and Radiolarians Characteristics

1. Composed of a silica shell called a test 2. Date back to the Precambrian Era 3. Used as index fossils for relative dating 4. Member of supergroup Rhizaria 5. Responsible for White Cliffs of Dover, England 6. Contain threadlike pseudopodia 7. Composed of a calcium corbonate shell called a test

Fungi Characteristics

1. Contain mycelium with hyphae 2. Cell walls contain chitin 3. Saprotrophic; absorb food

Fungi and Animals Characteristics

1. Eukaryotic 2. Heterotrophic 3. Store energy as glycogen

Opisthokonta

1. Include aminals and fungi 2. Can have flagella 3. Include sponge-like choanoflagellates 4. Feed on algae and cyanobacteria 5. Can be unicellular, multicellular, or colonial

Animal Characteristics

1. Ingest food 2. Contain no cell walls

Facts That Support the Endosymbiotic Theory

1. Mitochondria and chloroplasts often leave cells , surviving well on their own. 2. Mitochondria and chloroplasts are surrounded by two membranes 3. Mitochondria are about the same size as most bacteria.

Characteristics unique to viruses to demonstrate an understanding of the differences between viruses and living organisms.

1. Obligate intracellular parasites 2. Require a host for replication 3. Do not respond to stimuli

The oldest fungi fossils are dated around _____________ years old. Scientists don't know for certain when the very first fungi appeared on Earth, but it was a very long time ago.

460

___________ belongs to the ___________ supergroup and is responsible for red tide, a blooming event that kills fish, causing financial loss to fisherman.

Alexandrum Catanella, Chromalveolata

Ulva, a multicellular chlorophyte, has a(n) ____________ life cycle, like that of land plants; fertilization of ___________ gametes result in a ________ zygote that first develops into the sporophyte and the sporangium before _________ produces ______ spores, beginning the cycle over again.

Alternation of Generations, Haploid, Diploid, Meosis, Haploid

The supergroup Amobozoa also includes ________, which frequent freshwater lakes and streams.

Amoeboids

Similar to ________, they have store energy in the form of _________.

Animals, Glycogen

Cells produced during the __________ phase are called spores. These are __________ as they contain only one set of chromosomes.

Asexual, Haploid

Basidiomycota Reproduction

Basidiospores, sexual

Prokaryotic organisms can reproduce asexually by _________, in which the DNA replicates and the cell grows and divides in two.

Binary Fission

During the ________ stage, viral nucleic acids and capsid components are produced.

Biosynthesis

Once biosynthesized, they exist through ______ where the virus picks up its ________ from the host lipid membrane.

Budding, Envelope

Slime molds lack _________ and have _______ at some stage of their life cycle.

Cell Walls, Flagella

The ______________ are thought to be the group most closely related to land plants.

Charophytes

The ____________ are _____________ in structure and include _____________.

Charophytes, Filamentous, Spirogyra

Fungal cells have cell walls comprised of _______.

Chitin

The _______________ include _________ and Chlamydomonas.

Chlorophytes, Volvox

Ascomycota Reproduction

Conidiospores, asexual; ascus with spores, sexual

Some bacteria can exchange genetic information through a pilus during a process called _________.

Conjugation

They are becoming increasingly known to cause disease in ___________.

Crops

During this stage, viral ________ becomes incorporated into host cell __________.

DNA, DNA

This __________ integrates with the host DNA and more _______ can be copied from this to biosynthesize HIV.

DNA, RNA

The provirus state exists when

Double-stranded viral DNA is integrated into host cell chromosome.

Once HIV enters the cell through fusion or __________, the capsid is removed by _________.

Endocytosis, Enzymes

When faced with unfavorable conditions, some bacteria form thick-walled _________.

Endospores

Here, bacteria can produce _______ to resist human immunity and _________ to cause disease; in this sense _____________ benefit, while ___________ are harmed.

Endospores, Toxins, Bacteria, Humans

___________ belongs to the supergroup _______ and causes dysentery.

Entameoba Histolytica, Amoebozoa

Some, such as __________, cause dysentery in humans.

Entamoeba Histolytica

HIV contains an outer membranous __________ beyond its capsid that helps attach to _________- on the host cell surface.

Envelope, Receptors

Fungi release special _______ into the environment to break down dead and decaying organic matter so that its nutrients can be absorbed.

Enzymes

Here, bacteria ______________ into a form usable by plants and plant nodules provide a habitat for the bacteria. Bacteria also obtain energy from this process. In this sense, both bacteria and plants ___________.

Fix Nitrogen, Benefit

Cyanobacteria are found in ______________________.

Fresh and Salt Waters, Soils, and Hotsprings

Endospores are resistant structures that contain cytoplasm and genetic material and that can _________ when favorable conditions resume.

Germinate

__________ belongs to the supergroup _________ and is a parasite that infects humans and is transmitted through contaminated water.

Giardia Lamblia, Excavata

Cyanobacteria are ______________ bacteria that are ____________, because they use solar energy to convert carbon dioxide into organic compounds, and many are also ____________, meaning they convert gaseous nitrogen into usable forms.

Gram-negative, Photoautotrophic, Nitrogen-fixing

Chlamydomonas, which is a chlorophyte, undergoes a _________ life cycle common to algae. In favorable conditions, it reproduces _____________ via ____________, while in unfavorable conditions, it reproduces _________, produces a zygospore which undergoes a period of dormancy until conditions improve.

Haploid, Asexually, Mitosis, Sexually

When _______ hyphae fuse during sexual reproduction, the stage depicted in part B of the figure above results, which is termed ______. This stage takes its name from the term for a hypha that contains paired haploid ___, at which point each cell in that hypha is _____.

Haploid, Dikaryotic, Nuclei, N+N

One stage, depicted in part A of the figure above, is termed ______, at which point each cell is ____.

Haploid, N

Fungi and animals are _________; however, fungi are __________, a special type of heterotroph that absorbs food from the environment instead of eating it.

Hetertrophs, Saprotrophs

Here, E. Coli flourishes on oxygen provided by humans, so in that sense, ___________ are unaffected, while ____________ are benefited.

Humans, Bacteria

These _____ increase the surface area, maximizing the absorption of nutrients.

Hyphae

Some species of fungi have ________ that are partitioned by walls called ________.

Hyphae, Septae

During the lysogenic cycle, the attachment and penetration stages are followed by a(n) _________ stage.

Integration

When a virus is _______, it remains dormant in the cell without replicating.

Latent

It is during this time that the virus becomes ___________ and is now called a _________.

Latent, Prophage

Other diseases, such as _____________, are known to be caused by prions, or __________________ particles.

Mad Cow Disease, Proteinaceous Infecious

Cyanobacteria contain ______ pigments used for photosynthesis and are rather _________ cells in size,=.

Many, Large

During the ____________ stage, viral nucleic acids and capsid components are assembled to produce viral particles.

Maturation

The ability to become ___________ likely evolved separately after the protist and fungi lineages diverged.

Multicellular

The body of most fungi is __________ and known as a(n) __________, which is divided into a network of filaments called ________.

Multicellular, Mycelium, Hyphae

These can also include ______________ relationships, such as those that exist with root nodules of legumes.

Mutualistic

They can also form ________ relationships, such as those with ________ to from ________.

Mutualistic, Fungi, Lichens

Fungi tend to be _________, although some do contain __________ at some point in their life cycle.

Nonmotile, Flagella

Sometimes immediately, other times after days, months, or years, the _____ fuse, forming hyphae that are at the stage represented by part c of the figure above. In this stage, a _______ cell called the ________ has formed.

Nuclei, Diploid, Zygote

These can also include ________ relationships, such as those that cause disease in humans.

Parasitic

During the ___________ stage, enzymes digest cell wall and membrane material so that viral nucleic acids can enter into the host cell.

Penetration

____________ belongs to the ____________ supergroup and is responsible for a potato blight that caused a famine in Ireland that killed millions.

Phytopthora Infetans, Chromalveolata

They typically exist as multinucleate ________ that develop fruiting bodies called _________.

Plasmodia, Sporangia

_________ belongs to the _________ supergroup and is responsible for malaria.

Plasmodium vivax, Chromalveolata

Prions are __________ that have changed shape so that they cause infection and ______________ disorders.

Proteins, Neurodegenerative

Viroids are naked strands of __________ that are not covered by a _________, rendering them different from viruses.

RNA, Capsid

Once the _____ genome is uncovered, reverse transcription occurs, and ________ is synthesized.

RNA, DNA

The ____________ are ________________ organisms that contain red and blue accessory pigments, allowing them to undergo photosynthesis even in ___________ waters.

Red Algae, Multicellular, Deep

During the ________ stage, lysozyme is produced, rupturing the cell membrane and releasing viral particles.

Release

HIV is a _________, meaning that it contains ______ that is converted into _____ once within the host cell.

Retrovirus, RNA, DNA

Fungi reproduce both sexually and asexually. In terrestrial fungi, _____ reproduction occurs in three stages.

Sexual

Fungi reproduce ______________ during their life cycles.

Sexually and Asexually

Spirogyra, an unbranced charophyte, reproduces ____________ via a temporary union during which cells exchange genetic information, termed ___________. During this process, two __________ filaments line up parallel to one another and the contents of one filament are transferred to the filament of the other, producing ____________ zygospores.

Sexually, Conjugation, Haploid, Diploid

Chara, a freshwater charophyte, reproduces _________ when flagellated sperm and a single egg produced a male and female reproductive structures fuse to produce a __________ zygote.

Sexually, Diploid

Chytrids are the __________ fungi, thought to have evolved _______ after the fungi lineage diverged.

Simplest, First

They include _______, or decomposers that feed on dead on decaying organic matter.

Slime Molds

These ________ release _____ that germinate under favorable conditions.

Sporangia, Spores

Glomeromycota Reproduction

Spores, asexual

Intimate relationships between two different species are called ______________ relationships.

Symbiotic

_____________ belongs to the supergroup _______ and causes the deadly Chagas disease that plagues Central and South America.

Trpanosoma Cruzi, Excavata

Fungi and __________ share a common ancestor were most likely ________ flagellated _______.

Unicellular, Protists

Chytridiomycota Reproduction

Zoospores, most asexual

Neocallimastigomycota Reproduction

Zoospores; life cycle is strictly anaerobic

Blastocladiomycota Reproduction

Zoospores; some exhibit alternation of generations

The ____ then undergoes meiosis to form haploid cells.

Zygote