Biology: DNA Replication, Cell Cycle and Mitosis

DNA Replication: We represent one side of the ladder DNA with just the letters of the bases:

ATCGAGTCACTTCA

DNA Replication: The two sides of DNA unwind and separate with the help of the enzyme

Helicase

DNA Replication: DNA unwinds and unzips by breaking

Hydrogen Bonds

DNA Replication: The new DNA has bases that are _ (fill in the blank) to those of the original DNA and are in the same order.

Identical

Mitosis: What role does DNA play in our cells?

It tells your cell how to act and what to become.

Mitosis: Put it all together!!!

Animal Cell Mitosis

DNA Replication: _ (fill in the blank) occur when the bases or order of the bases are permanently changed.

Mutations

Mitosis: Identical copies

Sister chromatids

Mitosis: In which body organs do cells carry out mitosis the most often?

Stomach, Intestine, Skin

Cancer: Define malignant and benign.

Cells in benign tumours do not spread to other parts of the body. Malignant tumors are cancerous and are made up of cells that grow out of control. Cells in these tumours can invade nearby tissues and spread to other parts of the body.

DNA Replication: The bases in the DNA "ladder" are paired. Which bases pair with each other?

Cytosine Thymine Guanine Adenine

Mitosis: What important "stuff" is inside the nucleus?

DNA

Mitosis: What does DNA look like?

DNA looks like spaghetti in the cell called chromatin.

DNA Replication definition

DNA replication occurs before the cell actually divides.

Mitosis: Why do cells reproduce?

To make new cells in order to grow and repair itself. These cells need to be identical!

DNA Replication: True or False? DNA polymerase also proof-reads and makes corrections.

True!

Mitosis: There is no furrowing in telophase true or false?

True!

Mitosis: When cells are dividing out of control, what are produced?

Tumors

Mitosis: Can mutations result from UV radiation, genetics, smoking, etc.?

Yes it can!

DNA Replication: This can be an advantage or a disadvantage

mutation.

Cancer: What are some types of cancer?

- Breast cancer - Lung cancer - Skin cancer - Brain cancer

Cancer: What are the characteristics of normal cells?

- They can reproduce themselves exactly - Stop reproducing at the right time - Stick together in the right place - Self-destruct if they are damaged - Become specialized or 'mature' - How cancer cells are different - Cancer cells are different to normal cells in several ways. These are some features of cancer cells - They carry on reproducing - They don't stick together - They don't obey signals from other neighboring cells - They don't become specialized, but stay immature - They don't die if they move to another part of the body

DNA Replication: Steps of copying DNA

1.) Enzyme separates DNA sides. 2.) New bases pair with bases on original DNA. 3.) Two new identical DNA molecules are produced.

Mitosis: How many chromosomes are in the human cells?

46

DNA Replication: Single replication fork is

Bacteria

Mitosis: In which body organs do cells carry out mitosis least often?

Brain

Mitosis: What is one type of tumor that can result from out of control mitosis?

Cancer

Mitosis: What forms instead of furrowing in telophase?

Cell wall

Mitosis: Plant cells do not have...

Centrioles

Mitosis: Facts about Mitosis!

Each cell now has 46 chromosomes (same it started with) Each new cell grows until it is ready to divide. All body cells in humans are made through mitosis. Sex cells (egg and sperm) are NOT made through mitosis.

DNA Replication: Hundreds of replicating bubbles are

Eukaryotes

Mitosis: Mutations =

Random mistakes in DNA copied during Interphase.

Cancer: Define cancer.

The disease caused by an uncontrolled division of abnormal cells in a part of the body.

DNA Replication: A change in a gene or chromosome can change the traits of

an organism.

Mitosis: What are the cell parts that are involved?

Cytoplasm Nucleus Centrioles Nuclear Membrane Chromosomes (DNA) Cell Membrane

Mitosis: What is Cytokinesis?

Cytoplasm divides and two separate daughter cells are produced.

DNA Replication: New nucleotides (sugar-phosphate-base) are added so that A bonds with T and C bonds with G. _ (fill in the blank) is the enzyme that adds the nucleotides.

DNA polymerase

DNA Replication: How does DNA replicate?

DNA strands separate. Nucleotides bind to the parental strands according to the AT/CG rule and are linked together to form daughter strands.

DNA Replication: Each side then becomes a pattern on which a

new side forms.

DNA Replication: A change in the bases means a change in the

proteins that are made from the DNA.

Mitosis: DNA can wind up itself to form

Chromosomes

Mitosis: What is Prophase?

Chromosomes are in pairs joined in the middle. Chromosomes thicken of condense. Nuclear membrane begins to disappear. Spindle fibers start to form between the centrioles.

Mitosis: What is Metaphase?

Chromosomes line up across the middle. Spindle fibers are attached to each chromosome at the centromere.

DNA Replication: When DNA replicates before mitosis, the amount of DNA in the nucleus is

Doubled

Mitosis: First growth phase

G1

Mitosis: Second growth phase

G2

Mitosis: Mitosis is divided into phases which are...

Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase (Acronym: P.M.A.T. )

DNA Replication: _ (fill in the blank) areas along the DNA ladder that open up.

Replication Bubbles

Mitosis: The phase DNA is copied

S phase (Synthesis)

DNA Replication: Each side becomes a

Template

Mitosis: Cell Cycle

A repeating process of cell growth and division.

Mitosis: All cells are different!

All cells live for different lengths of time. Cells carry out mitosis at different speeds to replace cells that are worn out.

What is Mitosis

Asexual cell reproduction

Mitosis: What is Anaphase?

Centromeres divide. Sister chromatids are pulled together.

DNA Replication: One side is original and the other side is new. DNA replication is

semi-conservative

Mitosis: A cell spends what percent of it's life in interphase?

90%

Mitosis: What is Telophase?

Nuclear membrane begins to re-form. Chromosomes uncoil (becoming less visible). Furrowing occurs.

Mitosis: What is DNA made up of?

Nucleic Acid

Mitosis: What is the most important part of a cell when it wants to divide?

Nucleus

DNA Replication: _ (fill in the blank) hundreds of Y shaped regions of replicating DNA molecules where new strands are growing.

Replication Forks

DNA Replication: Occurs in the S phase of the Cell Cycle. What does the "S" stand for?

Synthesis

DNA Replication: What would be the other "complementary" side of the DNA ladder?

TAGCTCAGTCAAGT

Mitosis: Mitosis (M Phase) - What divides?

The nucleus and DNA