Biology EOC Practice Part 1

Hemophilia is a sex-linked, recessive trait. What is the probability of hemophilia in the offspring of a man who does not have hemophilia and a woman who is a heterozygous carrier?

25% chance.

What is the cell wall of a plant composed of?

A rigid coat of cellulose

What are the three components of nucleic acids?

A sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen base.

What purpose does xylem in a plant serve?

Absorb water from the soil.

How do molecules get into a cell when they have to move against the concentration gradient?

Active transport using ATP

What are the four bases of nucleic acids for DNA? Which ones pair with each other?

Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine, and Tyrosine. Adenine pairs with Tyrosine. Cytosine pairs with Guanine.

What are the four bases of nucleic acids for RNA? Which ones pair with each other?

Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine, and Uracil. Adenine pairs with Uracil. Cytosine pairs with Guanine.

What type of cells is mitosis for?

All body cells except for sex cells.

Why does the study of cell membranes lead to a better understanding of cell function?

All materials needed for cell function must pass through the cell membrane.

What is the basic structural component of a protein?

Amino acids.

What process is used by cells in the absence of ATP?

Anaerobic respiration

What is autotrophic and heterotrophic?

Autotrophic: produces their own energy. (most plants) Heterotrophic: gets energy from other organisms.

How does the process of cellular respiration make photosynthesis possible?

Carbon dioxide and water released by cellular respiration are used in photosynthesis.

Which gas is removed from the air during photosynthesis? Which is put into the air?

Carbon dioxide is removed. Oxygen is put back in.

What gas does cellular respiration produce that is used in photosynthesis?

Carbon dioxide.

What process is energy captured in photosynthesis used for?

Cellular respiration

What are mutations caused by?

Changes in the DNA sequence of nucleotides.

Which organelle gives plants their green color?

Chloroplasts

What principle explains why no two species can occupy the same niche in the same habitat at the same time?

Competitive Exclusion Principle

Which process during meiosis is responsible for genetic variation and offspring with characteristics from both parents?

Crossing-over

What are the two main types of nucleic acids?

DNA and RNA

What is the primary function of a cell membrane?

Defending against foreign particles.

How many nucleotides codes for one amino acid?

Each group of three nucleotides (a triad) codes for one amino acid.

How is the movement of nutrients and energy different?

Energy flows in one direction and nutrients recycle.

Why must humans stay at about 98.6 degrees?

Enzymes function best at a specific temperature.

In the absence of oxygen, what does anaerobic cellular respiration convert sugars to?

Ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide.

What are examples of lipids?

Fats, oils, waxes, and cholesterol.

What is the reproductive organ of plants?

Flowers

In what condition does water enter the cell most commonly?

High water concentration

Why does ice sit on top of liquid water?

Ice is less dense than the liquid form of water.

What purpose does a catalyst serve for reactions?

It decreases the activation energy needed and allows the reaction to happen faster.

Does DNA replication occur before, during, or after a cell divides? Why?

It happens before the cell divides. This is to provide each of the two resulting cells with a complete set of DNA instructions.

What is transpiration? Where does it occur?

It is the gas exchange in leaves. It occurs through the stomata.

What function does ATP carry out in living things?

It is used to capture and transfer energy.

A scientist discovers that an alligator and a whale have very similar bone structure. How does this provide support for the scientific theory of evolution?

It shows possible common ancestry between organisms.

One species of Galapagos finches, the cactus finch, eats insects off cactus plants. A disease kills off most of the cacti in the Galapagos Islands. What would happen to the island's carrying capacity?

It would decrease because the finches couldn't adapt.

Which type of microscope allowed scientists to view cells for the first time?

Light microscopes

Is meiosis or mitosis responsible for the growth of the embryo?

Mitosis

What is the symbiotic relationship between a flower and an insect that feeds on the flower's nectar?

Mutualism: the insect is fed and the flower is pollinated by the insect.

How many divisions occur in mitosis? What is the final result?

One division occurs. The final result is two cells identical to the parent cell.

What types of cells have genetic material kept in a nucleus?

Only eukaryotic cells (plants and animals).

Which two properties allows water to be the "universal solvent?"

Polarity and cohesion.

What is the purpose of seeds in plants that have them?

Protect and distribute the zygote

What is the main purpose of leaves?

Provide a place for photosynthesis to occur.

Which organelle, responsible for protein synthesis, can be found in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?

Ribosomes

What occurs in the process of translation?

Ribosomes read messenger RNA (mRNA) and form polypeptide chains with the correct sequence of amino acids.

Where can ribosomes be found?

Rough endoplasmic reticulum or in cytoplasm

What is one difference between primary and secondary succession?

Secondary succession begins on soil, and primary succession begins on newly exposed surfaces.

What is it called when a membrane allows some, but not all, molecules and ions to pass through?

Semi-permeable

What type of cells is meiosis for?

Sex cells.

Does asexual or sexual reproduction cause more genetic variation?

Sexual reproduction, because there are two parents to obtain genetic information from.

Which of the following is not a threat to biodiversity: Biological magnification of toxic compounds Habitat fragmentation Invasive species Species preservation

Species preservation

How did previous scientists think cells formed?

Spontaneous generation

What is the ratio of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in carbohydrates?

The C-H-O ratio is 1:2:1.

What will most likely happen to a stomach acid enzyme with a pH of 2 when it enters the small intestine, which has a pH range of 7-9?

The enzyme will become inactive.

What are the four lobes of the brain and describe where in the brain they are?

The frontal (largest and in the front). The parietal (behind the frontal in the middle and top of the brain). The temporal (behind the frontal and below the parietal and in the middle and bottom of the brain). The occipital (in the back of the brain).

What controls the opening and closing of the stomata? Why is this necessary

The guard cells. This is necessary because it allows gases necessary for photosynthesis to enter.

What part of a plant contains chloroplasts and therefore absorbs sunlight?

The leaf

What is the name of the female reproductive organ that collects pollen and passes it to the ovary?

The pistol.

What happens when an appropriate enzyme is added to a chemical reaction?

The reaction speeds up.

Where in the plant does mitosis occur?

The root tips.

A population of salamanders that live in a river requires clear freshwater to survive. A flood causes tons of sediment to be suspended in the river. What will most likely happen to the salamander population: migration or salamander number decrease?

The salamanders will decrease in number because of the water quality.

What is the name of the male reproductive organ that contains pollen for reproduction?

The stamen.

In an energy pyramid, is there more energy available in the fourth trophic level (top) or the first trophic level (bottom)? Why?

There is more available energy in the first trophic level because of the loss of energy through metabolism in each of the lower trophic levels. This causes the fourth trophic level to have very little available energy compared to the bottom.

After replication, how can the DNA be described?

There's two molecules, and each one has an original and a new strand.

According to the theory of chemical evolution, what must occur first in order for life to evolve?

Thy synthesis of organic molecules.

What are the xylem and phloem responsible for?

Transportation of water and nutrients throughout the plant.

True or False: The basic components of DNA are the same in humans and bacteria.

True.

How many divisions occur in meiosis? What is the final result?

Two divisions occur. The final result is four daughter cells not identical to the parent cell.

How can cancer best be described?

Uncontrolled cell growth caused by a mutation in genes that control the cell cycle.

Which property of water enables it to move from the roots to the leaves of plants?

Water exhibits cohesive behavior.

What property of water explains why large bodies of water don't fluctuate in temperature?

Water has a high heat capacity.

There are two plants of the same species. One is produced asexually, and the other is reproduced sexually. Will the two plants have the same amount of chromosomes in their cells?

Yes, both processes result in the same amount of chromosomes.

What is the name of the first single cell of an organism?

Zygote

What are the building blocks of carbohydrates?

monosaccharides

What are the four phases of mitosis?

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

Which type of RNA carries amino acids to the site of protein synthesis?

tRNA (transfer RNA)