Biology Exam 2

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What does it mean for a gene to be "turned on"?

If a gene is "turned on", proteins are being made

What is the selective advantage of cells being so small?

It allows for a greater surface area:volume ratio and it allows more material in to supply cell and lets waste out

Oxygen is actively involved in ATP production

True

Scientific experimentation has shown that organic molecules such as amino acids and RNA can spontaneously form in conditions similar to that of Earth 3.7 bya

True

Roughly how much ATP does your body produce in a day?

Twice the amount you weigh

What is diabetes?

Type 1: Pancreas can't produce insulin (endocrine system) Type 2: Immune systems starts attacking beta cells, they are less able to use insulin

Do all cells within an individual carry the same assortment of DNA?

Yes

Do epigenetic changes alter the gene sequence?

Yes

What is an antibody?

a blood protein produced in response to and counteracting a specific antigen

What is RNA?

a nucleic acid that consists of a long chain of nucleotides; a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base that is transcribed from DNA

What is an antigen?

a toxin or other foreign substance that induces an immune response in the body, especially the production of antibodies

What is "energy"?

the capacity to do work

What is the central dogma?

the two-step process, transcription and translation, by which the information in genes flows into proteins: DNA → RNA → protein

What 2 processes are required to get from DNA to protein?

Transcription: Happens in the nucleus DNA to RNA Translation: Happens in the ribosomes RNA to Protein

What is a chromosome? A gene? Allele?

- Chromosome - Structure which holds the DNA - Gene - Section of DNA that codes for a characteristic (by coding for a protein) - Allele - different forms of the same gene

Explain the 3 components of the cell theory

1) All organisms are composed of one or more cells 2) The cell is the basic unit of structure and organization 3) All cells came from preexisting cells

What four main parts compose ALL cells?

1) DNA: codes for proteins 2) Ribosomes: takes instruction from DNA to build protein 3) Cell membrane: Encloses the cell and regulates what enters and exits 4) Cytoplasm: a "filler" for a cell

What four major things had to happen for living cells to develop from non-living components?

1) Development of organic monomers 2) Development of organic polymers 3)Replication of organic polymers 4) Enclosure in a membrane

What is a codon?

3 nucleotide sequence in mRNA that specifies a particular amino acid (starts and stops genetic code)

What is the fluid mosaic model?

A description of membrane structure, depicting a cellular membrane as a mosaic of diverse protein molecules embedded in a fluid bilayer of phospholipid molecules

What is a protein? Why are they important?

A protein is a polymer made of amino acids and they're important because each protein performs a specific function

What is a mutation? How might a mutation affect the protein that the mutated gene codes for?

Any change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA, it can change the protein and therefore change the nucleotide sequence

Energy from fats and proteins can also be used to yield ATP

True

What things are required for aerobic cellular respiration to occur? What things are produced through aerobic respiration? Which of these is the "desired" product and which is byproducts?

C6H12O6 (Glucose: energy that is transferred to ATP) + 6O2 (oxygen) + 36 ADP + 36 Phosphates YIELDS 6CO2 + 6H2O (waste) + 36 ATP (desired)

Which biological process is responsible for releasing the chemical energy stored in glucose and transferring it to ATP? In which organisms does this process occur?

Cellular respiration and it happens in all organisms

Which organelle is responsible for converting less readily usable chemical energy to more readily usable energy?

Cellular respiration that happens in the mitochondira

How does environments influence gene expression?

Certain environments can change an individuals epigenome

Discuss the relationship between DNA, RNA, proteins, and traits

DNA > RNA > Protein > Traits

What is DNA? What is its structure? What is its purpose?

DNA is the molecule of heredity and it codes for the production of proteins It is a POLYMER composed of NUCLEOTIDE monomers

How does the structure of RNA differ from that of DNA?

DNA: Double strand helix RNA: Single strand helix

(_______), at general category of proteins, are important in the process of transcription and translation

Enzymes

What does "methylation" do to a gene?

It turns a gene off

What are some examples of what energy in ATP is used for?

Maintain order and organization

Are all genes within an individual turned on within all cells of that organism?

No because they all perform different functions

How are the nucleotides arranged in a molecule of DNA?

Nucleotides create a double helix with bases paired in the middle

What is the main difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

P: No nucleus E: Nucleus

What type of molecule expresses the instructions of the DNA?

Proteins

Which molecule do scientists suspect was the first to carry genetic info in "proto-cells"?

RNA

Describe what scientists think the first proto-cell may have been like?

Self replicating RNA that was capable of producing proteins and carbs were surrounded by a membrane of fatty acids

What is Endocytosis?

The movement of materials from the external environment into the cytoplasm of a cell via vesicles or vacuoles

What is exocytosis?

The movement of materials out the cytoplasm of a cell via membranous vesicles or vacuoles

What is "epigenetics"?

The study of which genes are expressed when and why

Roughly how old is the first fossil of true "modern" cells? What modern organism do we suspect these cells are most similar to?

They are roughly 3.7 billion years old and they are most similar to bacteria

What is "work"?

any change in the state of motion (chemical, heat, electrical)


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The Constitution and the Early Republic (Test #3)

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