Biology Exam 2
What does it mean for a gene to be "turned on"?
If a gene is "turned on", proteins are being made
What is the selective advantage of cells being so small?
It allows for a greater surface area:volume ratio and it allows more material in to supply cell and lets waste out
Oxygen is actively involved in ATP production
True
Scientific experimentation has shown that organic molecules such as amino acids and RNA can spontaneously form in conditions similar to that of Earth 3.7 bya
True
Roughly how much ATP does your body produce in a day?
Twice the amount you weigh
What is diabetes?
Type 1: Pancreas can't produce insulin (endocrine system) Type 2: Immune systems starts attacking beta cells, they are less able to use insulin
Do all cells within an individual carry the same assortment of DNA?
Yes
Do epigenetic changes alter the gene sequence?
Yes
What is an antibody?
a blood protein produced in response to and counteracting a specific antigen
What is RNA?
a nucleic acid that consists of a long chain of nucleotides; a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base that is transcribed from DNA
What is an antigen?
a toxin or other foreign substance that induces an immune response in the body, especially the production of antibodies
What is "energy"?
the capacity to do work
What is the central dogma?
the two-step process, transcription and translation, by which the information in genes flows into proteins: DNA → RNA → protein
What 2 processes are required to get from DNA to protein?
Transcription: Happens in the nucleus DNA to RNA Translation: Happens in the ribosomes RNA to Protein
What is a chromosome? A gene? Allele?
- Chromosome - Structure which holds the DNA - Gene - Section of DNA that codes for a characteristic (by coding for a protein) - Allele - different forms of the same gene
Explain the 3 components of the cell theory
1) All organisms are composed of one or more cells 2) The cell is the basic unit of structure and organization 3) All cells came from preexisting cells
What four main parts compose ALL cells?
1) DNA: codes for proteins 2) Ribosomes: takes instruction from DNA to build protein 3) Cell membrane: Encloses the cell and regulates what enters and exits 4) Cytoplasm: a "filler" for a cell
What four major things had to happen for living cells to develop from non-living components?
1) Development of organic monomers 2) Development of organic polymers 3)Replication of organic polymers 4) Enclosure in a membrane
What is a codon?
3 nucleotide sequence in mRNA that specifies a particular amino acid (starts and stops genetic code)
What is the fluid mosaic model?
A description of membrane structure, depicting a cellular membrane as a mosaic of diverse protein molecules embedded in a fluid bilayer of phospholipid molecules
What is a protein? Why are they important?
A protein is a polymer made of amino acids and they're important because each protein performs a specific function
What is a mutation? How might a mutation affect the protein that the mutated gene codes for?
Any change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA, it can change the protein and therefore change the nucleotide sequence
Energy from fats and proteins can also be used to yield ATP
True
What things are required for aerobic cellular respiration to occur? What things are produced through aerobic respiration? Which of these is the "desired" product and which is byproducts?
C6H12O6 (Glucose: energy that is transferred to ATP) + 6O2 (oxygen) + 36 ADP + 36 Phosphates YIELDS 6CO2 + 6H2O (waste) + 36 ATP (desired)
Which biological process is responsible for releasing the chemical energy stored in glucose and transferring it to ATP? In which organisms does this process occur?
Cellular respiration and it happens in all organisms
Which organelle is responsible for converting less readily usable chemical energy to more readily usable energy?
Cellular respiration that happens in the mitochondira
How does environments influence gene expression?
Certain environments can change an individuals epigenome
Discuss the relationship between DNA, RNA, proteins, and traits
DNA > RNA > Protein > Traits
What is DNA? What is its structure? What is its purpose?
DNA is the molecule of heredity and it codes for the production of proteins It is a POLYMER composed of NUCLEOTIDE monomers
How does the structure of RNA differ from that of DNA?
DNA: Double strand helix RNA: Single strand helix
(_______), at general category of proteins, are important in the process of transcription and translation
Enzymes
What does "methylation" do to a gene?
It turns a gene off
What are some examples of what energy in ATP is used for?
Maintain order and organization
Are all genes within an individual turned on within all cells of that organism?
No because they all perform different functions
How are the nucleotides arranged in a molecule of DNA?
Nucleotides create a double helix with bases paired in the middle
What is the main difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
P: No nucleus E: Nucleus
What type of molecule expresses the instructions of the DNA?
Proteins
Which molecule do scientists suspect was the first to carry genetic info in "proto-cells"?
RNA
Describe what scientists think the first proto-cell may have been like?
Self replicating RNA that was capable of producing proteins and carbs were surrounded by a membrane of fatty acids
What is Endocytosis?
The movement of materials from the external environment into the cytoplasm of a cell via vesicles or vacuoles
What is exocytosis?
The movement of materials out the cytoplasm of a cell via membranous vesicles or vacuoles
What is "epigenetics"?
The study of which genes are expressed when and why
Roughly how old is the first fossil of true "modern" cells? What modern organism do we suspect these cells are most similar to?
They are roughly 3.7 billion years old and they are most similar to bacteria
What is "work"?
any change in the state of motion (chemical, heat, electrical)
