Biology Exam 3: Energy Balance and Diabetes
the dog name that smells epinephrine?
Molly
Glucose should ----- be present in the urine of a healthy individual.
NO
what happens to your blood when your dehydrated?
becomes thicker
majority of diabetes cases are due to
becoming resistant to insulin
what is insulin produced by?
beta cells in islets of Langerhans in pancreases
postabsorptive
between meals, negative energy balance, energy mobilized, glucose sparing (save it for nervous system)
what are the actions of glucagon?
breaking down of molecules because the whole purpose is to raise blood sugar levels.
what happens when insulin gets released? (steps)
released from Beta Cells in pancreas binds to insulin receptor on normal body cells and causes GLUT 4 to be inserted into the membrane allowing glucose to move from the blood into the cells
why is type 2 called adult-onset?
result of obesity, which happens in adults
what happens to glycogen storage after a few hours of fasting?
glycogen stores are used up
when blood sugar is high, glucose gets assembled into glycogen this process is called?
glycogenesis
when blood sugar is low, glycogen gets broken down into glucose. this process is called?
glycogenolysis
why does insulin overdose happe?
habit of taking insulin at every meal.
food intake is
intermittent
decrease in blood pH due to buildup of acidic ketones
ketoacidosis
what acute effect of diabetes is a direct result of hyperglycemia?
ketoacidosis
what are the acute effects of diabetes?
ketoacidosis hyperosmolar non-ketotic coma hypoglycemic coma
why does type 2 have a higher genetic factor than type 1?
obesity is believed to be more closest regulated by genetics than autoimmune disease
what state do you burn fat in?
postabsorptive
what are biomolecules?
proteins, fats, sugars
diabetes is cased not due to lack of insulin but
rather our cells becoming resistant to it
epinephrine is from what type of nervous system?
sympathetic nervous system
what does insulin promote?
synthesis of most molecules and prevents the breakdown of most molecules.
why do males have a faster metabolic rate?
testosterone
what hormone builds and which burns fat?
testosterone burns fat estrogen builds fat
what is BMI?
the ratio of your weight to your height
our body DOES NOT store ATP (T/F)
true, we make it as we need it
does the exact same thing as glucagon
Epinephrine
promotes post-absorptive processes
Epinephrine
sympathetic nervous system product
Epinephrine
glucose transport protein 4
GLUT 4, transport protein
mechanical work
use of proteins to generate movement (muscles, cilia)
how does insulin get glucose out of the blood and into the cells?
using GLUT 4 to let Glucose (large polar molecule) to cross the membrane
fat contains enough energy to last how long?
2 months
what happens when glucose enters the blood stream?
attaches to hemoglobin
which is an anabolic hormone? insulin glucagon epinephrine
insulin
what does glucagon do?
"breaks down" signals to stop building molecules such as fat and protein, for normal cells to burn fats and proteins for energy (saving glucose for the nervous system) and to break down glycogen to raise the blood sugar
anabolic means
"building"
acute means
"sudden"
Type 1 Diabetes
(insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus), juvenile-onset, 5-10%
Type 2 Diabetes
(insulin-independent diabetes mellitus), adult-onset, 90-95%
absorptive state
3-4 hours following meal, positive energy balance, energy stored
when does your body enter postabsorptive state?
4 hours since your last meal
a measure of the percentage of your red blood cells that have glucose-coated hemoglobin
A1C
are a representation of your average blood sugar levels for the past 3 months
A1C
7% of the world population (260 million people) have
Diabetes Mellitus
8% of Americans (24 million people) have?
Diabetes Mellitus
what does oxygen have to do with out metabolic rate?
Oxygen is used at the end of the electron transport chain during cellular respiration. We need oxygen to make the majority of ATP. the more oxygen we use, the more ATP we are making, which is a reflection of how much ATP we are using THAT is metabolic rate
does not produce enough insulin due to damage to pancreatic cells
Type 1
immune system destroys beta cells of pancreas-loss of insulin secretion.
Type 1
autoimmune disease
Type 1 diabetes
may be triggered by viral infection
Type 1 diabetes
target cells throughout the body do not respond well to insulin
Type 2
which diabetes has a larger genetic factor?
Type 2
cells that store fat (triglycerides)
adipocytes
what is another word for Epinephrine?
adrenaline
why is type 1 called juvenile-onset?
almost always detected in children
where is glucagon secreted?
alpha cells in pancreatic islets of Langerhand in the pancreas
what is work? what are examples?
anything that requires energy ex. muscle contraction, building molecules, and active transport
what can biomolecules be broken down into and how?
broken down in the mitochondria during cellular respiration to make ATP and used to spare parts to build other proteins, fats, sugars that cell need. and finally stored for energy (glycogen for short-term and fat for log-term)
inside of cell, biomolecules can be: (3)
broken down to release energy used to synthesize other molecules converted to energy storage molecules (glycogen and triglycerides)
how do we lower blood sugar?
by moving glucose from the blood to the cells
how do we raise blood sugar?
by moving sugar from our cells to our blood
where are the two places glucose is in the body?
cells and blood
what does pre-diabetic mean?
cells are becoming resistant to insulin. This is a result of weight gain
in type 2 diabetes what is happening inside the body?
cells are full of glucose, when insulin binds receptors and GLUT 4 gets inserted into the membrane, glucose does nt enter the cells. It stays in the blood, and results in chronic high blood sugar
what happens during absorptive state?
cells will assemble glucose into glycogen. and use the excess energy to build fats and proteins
glucose requirement, especially for nervous system is
continuous
how does decreased insulin lead to ketoacidosis?
decrease insulin--> increase blood glucose (hyperglycemia) --> increase fat and protein metabolism
hyper-osmolar non-ketotic coma
dehydrated, makes blood thick, coma nothing to do with ketones
negative energy balance
energy input < energy output
positive energy balance
energy input > energy output
what is energy output and the equation?
energy output is how many calories we used that day. energy output= work performance + heat released
what is energy storied and the equation?
energy stored is weight gain energy stored= energy input-energy output
what happens if you eat more calories than you burn?
energy will be stored as fat
hormone that promotes post-absorptive processes
epinephrine
primarily important during stress reactions, energy for flight/flight
epinephrine
primarily it raises your blood sugar so that your nervous system cells can function under these stressful conditions
epinephrine
suppresses insulin, stimulates glucagon production
epinephrine
steps of hyper-osmolar non-ketotic coma?
extreme hyperglycemia in elderly patients--> increased urination--> dehydration--> decreased blood volume--> increased blood osmolarity--> coma and/or increased blood clotting
when our body makes a lot of ATP that means our bodies are USING a lot of ATP which means a
fast metabolic rate
chemical work
formation of chemical bonds
what happens when glucose gets high in the blood?
gets assembled into glycogen
catabolic hormone
glucagon
decreased release during absorptive state (glucose levels high)
glucagon
increased release during post-absorptive state (glucose levels low)
glucagon
what is the antagonist to insulin?
glucagon
if you cut out sugar all together, what has to happen to support the nervous system?
gluconeogenesis
when new glucose molecules are synthesized from proteins and fats
gluconeogenesis
cells in the nervous system only burn _______ long term
glucose
when obese your cells are full of
glucose
what happens when glucose enters your bloodstream?
glucose attaches to hemoglobin in your red blood cells
what does fasting mean?
haven't eaten in 9-12 hours
what do the kidneys do?
help clean our blood, remove toxins and drugs or anything EXCESS in our blood
how are the transitions from post-absorptive to absorptive stage maintained?
hormones primarily: insulin, glucagon, and epinephrine
what is energy input?
how many calories we ate that day
fasting blood glucose >140mg/dL, indicative of diabetes mellitus
hyperglycemia
fasting blood glucose <60mg/dL, bad for CNS
hypoglycemia
accidental insulin overdose as part of diabetes treatment, decreased blood glucose, nervous system damage
hypoglycemia coma
what happens if you give insulin when blood sugar is already low?
hypoglycemic coma
why is their in increase in urine with juvenile-onset of diabetes?
if blood sugar is high, means excess glucose in the blood, kidney's remove that glucose, then in our urine, with more glucose in urine, water by osmosis goes into urine, increasing the volume of our urine,
what does insulin do to GLUT 4?
increased GLUT 4 membrane expression and synthesis
what is the main symptoms of juvenile-onset diabetes?
increased urination
Hypoglycemic Coma
injecting insulin when you are already low. due to
decreased release during post-absorptive state (blood glucose levels low)
insulin
increased release during absorptive state (blood glucose levels high)
insulin
promotes synthesis of energy storage molecules
insulin
promotes synthesis of most molecules and prevents the breakdown of most molecules
insulin
where is glycogen stored? and if too full where?
liver and skeletal muscle fat
insulin does what?
lowers blood sugar; does this by moving glucose from the blood to the cells
amount of energy (heat+work) released per unit time.
metabolic rate
transport work
moving molecules across membranes (active transport/ endo/ exocytosis)
what influences metabolic rate?
muscular activity, age, gender, and several other factors
when glucose gets low, that body
saves it for the brain
what type of energy is glycogen used for?
short-term
to maintain blood glucose as a constant level the must have a way to ________ & _______ nutrients
store and mobilize
how does ketoacidosis work?
when you have to save glucose for nervous system, your body uses proteins and fats, which produce ketones that lower the pH of the blood
excess glucose in absorptive state
will assemble glucose into glycogen and use the excess energy to build fats and proteins
what happens if GLUT 4 was always active?
would lead to constant low blood sugar
if both of your parents are obese, are you statistically more likely to be obese?
yes
is Type 1 partially genetic?
yes
what happens if you cut out sugar altogether in your diet?
your nervous system still needs glucose; fats, proteins and sugars are made from carbons, rearanging them can make glucose, this happens in gluconeogenesis