Biology Exam 3: Energy Balance and Diabetes

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the dog name that smells epinephrine?

Molly

Glucose should ----- be present in the urine of a healthy individual.

NO

what happens to your blood when your dehydrated?

becomes thicker

majority of diabetes cases are due to

becoming resistant to insulin

what is insulin produced by?

beta cells in islets of Langerhans in pancreases

postabsorptive

between meals, negative energy balance, energy mobilized, glucose sparing (save it for nervous system)

what are the actions of glucagon?

breaking down of molecules because the whole purpose is to raise blood sugar levels.

what happens when insulin gets released? (steps)

released from Beta Cells in pancreas binds to insulin receptor on normal body cells and causes GLUT 4 to be inserted into the membrane allowing glucose to move from the blood into the cells

why is type 2 called adult-onset?

result of obesity, which happens in adults

what happens to glycogen storage after a few hours of fasting?

glycogen stores are used up

when blood sugar is high, glucose gets assembled into glycogen this process is called?

glycogenesis

when blood sugar is low, glycogen gets broken down into glucose. this process is called?

glycogenolysis

why does insulin overdose happe?

habit of taking insulin at every meal.

food intake is

intermittent

decrease in blood pH due to buildup of acidic ketones

ketoacidosis

what acute effect of diabetes is a direct result of hyperglycemia?

ketoacidosis

what are the acute effects of diabetes?

ketoacidosis hyperosmolar non-ketotic coma hypoglycemic coma

why does type 2 have a higher genetic factor than type 1?

obesity is believed to be more closest regulated by genetics than autoimmune disease

what state do you burn fat in?

postabsorptive

what are biomolecules?

proteins, fats, sugars

diabetes is cased not due to lack of insulin but

rather our cells becoming resistant to it

epinephrine is from what type of nervous system?

sympathetic nervous system

what does insulin promote?

synthesis of most molecules and prevents the breakdown of most molecules.

why do males have a faster metabolic rate?

testosterone

what hormone builds and which burns fat?

testosterone burns fat estrogen builds fat

what is BMI?

the ratio of your weight to your height

our body DOES NOT store ATP (T/F)

true, we make it as we need it

does the exact same thing as glucagon

Epinephrine

promotes post-absorptive processes

Epinephrine

sympathetic nervous system product

Epinephrine

glucose transport protein 4

GLUT 4, transport protein

mechanical work

use of proteins to generate movement (muscles, cilia)

how does insulin get glucose out of the blood and into the cells?

using GLUT 4 to let Glucose (large polar molecule) to cross the membrane

fat contains enough energy to last how long?

2 months

what happens when glucose enters the blood stream?

attaches to hemoglobin

which is an anabolic hormone? insulin glucagon epinephrine

insulin

what does glucagon do?

"breaks down" signals to stop building molecules such as fat and protein, for normal cells to burn fats and proteins for energy (saving glucose for the nervous system) and to break down glycogen to raise the blood sugar

anabolic means

"building"

acute means

"sudden"

Type 1 Diabetes

(insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus), juvenile-onset, 5-10%

Type 2 Diabetes

(insulin-independent diabetes mellitus), adult-onset, 90-95%

absorptive state

3-4 hours following meal, positive energy balance, energy stored

when does your body enter postabsorptive state?

4 hours since your last meal

a measure of the percentage of your red blood cells that have glucose-coated hemoglobin

A1C

are a representation of your average blood sugar levels for the past 3 months

A1C

7% of the world population (260 million people) have

Diabetes Mellitus

8% of Americans (24 million people) have?

Diabetes Mellitus

what does oxygen have to do with out metabolic rate?

Oxygen is used at the end of the electron transport chain during cellular respiration. We need oxygen to make the majority of ATP. the more oxygen we use, the more ATP we are making, which is a reflection of how much ATP we are using THAT is metabolic rate

does not produce enough insulin due to damage to pancreatic cells

Type 1

immune system destroys beta cells of pancreas-loss of insulin secretion.

Type 1

autoimmune disease

Type 1 diabetes

may be triggered by viral infection

Type 1 diabetes

target cells throughout the body do not respond well to insulin

Type 2

which diabetes has a larger genetic factor?

Type 2

cells that store fat (triglycerides)

adipocytes

what is another word for Epinephrine?

adrenaline

why is type 1 called juvenile-onset?

almost always detected in children

where is glucagon secreted?

alpha cells in pancreatic islets of Langerhand in the pancreas

what is work? what are examples?

anything that requires energy ex. muscle contraction, building molecules, and active transport

what can biomolecules be broken down into and how?

broken down in the mitochondria during cellular respiration to make ATP and used to spare parts to build other proteins, fats, sugars that cell need. and finally stored for energy (glycogen for short-term and fat for log-term)

inside of cell, biomolecules can be: (3)

broken down to release energy used to synthesize other molecules converted to energy storage molecules (glycogen and triglycerides)

how do we lower blood sugar?

by moving glucose from the blood to the cells

how do we raise blood sugar?

by moving sugar from our cells to our blood

where are the two places glucose is in the body?

cells and blood

what does pre-diabetic mean?

cells are becoming resistant to insulin. This is a result of weight gain

in type 2 diabetes what is happening inside the body?

cells are full of glucose, when insulin binds receptors and GLUT 4 gets inserted into the membrane, glucose does nt enter the cells. It stays in the blood, and results in chronic high blood sugar

what happens during absorptive state?

cells will assemble glucose into glycogen. and use the excess energy to build fats and proteins

glucose requirement, especially for nervous system is

continuous

how does decreased insulin lead to ketoacidosis?

decrease insulin--> increase blood glucose (hyperglycemia) --> increase fat and protein metabolism

hyper-osmolar non-ketotic coma

dehydrated, makes blood thick, coma nothing to do with ketones

negative energy balance

energy input < energy output

positive energy balance

energy input > energy output

what is energy output and the equation?

energy output is how many calories we used that day. energy output= work performance + heat released

what is energy storied and the equation?

energy stored is weight gain energy stored= energy input-energy output

what happens if you eat more calories than you burn?

energy will be stored as fat

hormone that promotes post-absorptive processes

epinephrine

primarily important during stress reactions, energy for flight/flight

epinephrine

primarily it raises your blood sugar so that your nervous system cells can function under these stressful conditions

epinephrine

suppresses insulin, stimulates glucagon production

epinephrine

steps of hyper-osmolar non-ketotic coma?

extreme hyperglycemia in elderly patients--> increased urination--> dehydration--> decreased blood volume--> increased blood osmolarity--> coma and/or increased blood clotting

when our body makes a lot of ATP that means our bodies are USING a lot of ATP which means a

fast metabolic rate

chemical work

formation of chemical bonds

what happens when glucose gets high in the blood?

gets assembled into glycogen

catabolic hormone

glucagon

decreased release during absorptive state (glucose levels high)

glucagon

increased release during post-absorptive state (glucose levels low)

glucagon

what is the antagonist to insulin?

glucagon

if you cut out sugar all together, what has to happen to support the nervous system?

gluconeogenesis

when new glucose molecules are synthesized from proteins and fats

gluconeogenesis

cells in the nervous system only burn _______ long term

glucose

when obese your cells are full of

glucose

what happens when glucose enters your bloodstream?

glucose attaches to hemoglobin in your red blood cells

what does fasting mean?

haven't eaten in 9-12 hours

what do the kidneys do?

help clean our blood, remove toxins and drugs or anything EXCESS in our blood

how are the transitions from post-absorptive to absorptive stage maintained?

hormones primarily: insulin, glucagon, and epinephrine

what is energy input?

how many calories we ate that day

fasting blood glucose >140mg/dL, indicative of diabetes mellitus

hyperglycemia

fasting blood glucose <60mg/dL, bad for CNS

hypoglycemia

accidental insulin overdose as part of diabetes treatment, decreased blood glucose, nervous system damage

hypoglycemia coma

what happens if you give insulin when blood sugar is already low?

hypoglycemic coma

why is their in increase in urine with juvenile-onset of diabetes?

if blood sugar is high, means excess glucose in the blood, kidney's remove that glucose, then in our urine, with more glucose in urine, water by osmosis goes into urine, increasing the volume of our urine,

what does insulin do to GLUT 4?

increased GLUT 4 membrane expression and synthesis

what is the main symptoms of juvenile-onset diabetes?

increased urination

Hypoglycemic Coma

injecting insulin when you are already low. due to

decreased release during post-absorptive state (blood glucose levels low)

insulin

increased release during absorptive state (blood glucose levels high)

insulin

promotes synthesis of energy storage molecules

insulin

promotes synthesis of most molecules and prevents the breakdown of most molecules

insulin

where is glycogen stored? and if too full where?

liver and skeletal muscle fat

insulin does what?

lowers blood sugar; does this by moving glucose from the blood to the cells

amount of energy (heat+work) released per unit time.

metabolic rate

transport work

moving molecules across membranes (active transport/ endo/ exocytosis)

what influences metabolic rate?

muscular activity, age, gender, and several other factors

when glucose gets low, that body

saves it for the brain

what type of energy is glycogen used for?

short-term

to maintain blood glucose as a constant level the must have a way to ________ & _______ nutrients

store and mobilize

how does ketoacidosis work?

when you have to save glucose for nervous system, your body uses proteins and fats, which produce ketones that lower the pH of the blood

excess glucose in absorptive state

will assemble glucose into glycogen and use the excess energy to build fats and proteins

what happens if GLUT 4 was always active?

would lead to constant low blood sugar

if both of your parents are obese, are you statistically more likely to be obese?

yes

is Type 1 partially genetic?

yes

what happens if you cut out sugar altogether in your diet?

your nervous system still needs glucose; fats, proteins and sugars are made from carbons, rearanging them can make glucose, this happens in gluconeogenesis


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