Biology Final
Which of the following statements is true?
In photosynthesis, water and carbon dioxide are reactants. G3P and oxygen are products.
Selection that favors individuals with a mixture of red and blue feathers in a population which also has some blue and red feathered individuals is best described as
stabilizing selection.
GTP or ATP is produced during the conversion of ______________.
succinyl CoA into succinate
Which of the following molecules is likely to have the most potential energy?
sucrose
What two main products result from photosynthesis?
sugars/carbohydrates and oxygen
The science that organizes and classifies organisms based on evolutionary relationships is known as
systematics.
TRUE or FALSE: Alleles consist of DNA sequence that gets transcribed into mRNA that then gets translated into proteins.
t
The science of classifying organisms into an internationally shared classification system with each organism placed into increasingly more inclusive groupings is known as
taxonomy.
Mad cow disease is an infectious disease where one misfolded protein causes all other copies of the protein to begin misfolding. This is an example of a disease impacting ______________ structure.
teritiary
Which of the following is the most current system used to classify viruses?
the Baltimore system, which relies on the way that the virus produces mRNA.
Which statement correctly describes carbon fixation?
the conversion of CO into an organic compound
The hypothesis that mitochondria and chloroplasts were transferred to eukaryotes and plants by the uptake of free-living prokaryotes is known as
the endosymbiont theory.
Prokaryotes stain as Gram-positive or Gram-negative because of differences in the cell ___.
wall
Dehydration synthesis leads to formation of
water and polymers
Which of the following models incorporates the effects of horizontal gene transfer on evolution?
web of life
Assortative mating in a population occurs
when females mate with males that are of the same size.
Which reproductive combination produces hybrids?
when members of closely related species reproduce
A branch point (or node) shows
where a single lineage splits into distinct new ones.
The sister taxa of a phylogenetic tree shows
where two lineages stemmed from a branch point.
Imagine a cell that has plenty of glucose and no lactose. However, the lac operon in this cell has had its operator removed. The lac operon...will be transcribe
will be transcribed
A viral disease carried by animals that can be transmitted to humans is known as a(an)
zoonosis.
A population of birds in which males are large and bright but females are small and dull is an example of
sexual dimorphism
A trait that is found in a common ancestor and all species within a taxon or clade is known as a
shared ancestral character.
A trait that is shared by only some of the organisms in a taxon or clade is known as a
shared derived character.
Which of the following elements is not a micronutrient?
sodium
Most vaccines being developed for the SARS-COV-2 virus use the
spike protein as the target antigen.
The monomers that make up proteins are called ______________.
amino acids
TRUE or FALSE: All species have the same number of genes.
false
TRUE or FALSE: Eukaryotic genomes arrange genes into operons.
false
TRUE or FALSE: Humans have only recently (the past 30 years or so) been altering the genetics of other organisms.
false
TRUE or FALSE: The lac operon is an anabolic pathway.
false
TRUE or FALSE: the only genes on sex chromosomes deal with female / male development.
false
Which of the following requirements is needed for halophiles?
a salt concentration of at least 0.2 M
CRISPR-Cas9 can result in a
all of the above
Which of the following are caused by bacterial infections?
all of the above
Which of the following are different ways that are proposed to explain the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
all of the above
Which of the following nucleotides is paired with Guanine in the DNA double helix structure?
Cytosine
Which of the following are functions of proteins?
all of the above
Which of the following are known to be under the influence of natural selection?
all of the above
Which of the following best describes microbial mats?
all of the above
What is the first form of life thought to inhabit planet earth?
Prokaryotes that formed microbial mats near hydrothermal vents and obtained energy from nearby chemicals.
The TATA box is a part of the:
Promoter
Which of the following situations will lead to natural selection?
all of the above
Which situation is most likely an example of convergent evolution?
all of the above
how do eukaryotes ensure that genes get expressed at the proper time and place?
Promoters
the use of mRNA as a genetic vaccine
all of the above
Homologous chromosomes exchange pieces of DNA in a process of recombination that happens during:
Prophase of meiosis I
Sexual selection can occur when
all of the above.
The construction of phylogenies is a valuable tool for
all of the above.
The science of molecular systematics
all of the above.
A protein whose presence causes the G1 checkpoint to be passed would be considered a:
Proto-oncogene
Vaccines
all of the above.
Why do scientists use bacterial plasmids while making a transgenic organism?
The plasmid can make many copies of the gene
What is the process of ammonification shown by some prokaryotes?
ammonia is released during the decomposition of nitrogen-containing organic compounds
A trait that is found in and shared by two or more species, but is not derived from a common ancestor is known as
an analogy or homoplasy.
What causes the red color found in some populations of red aphids?
by eating fungi that transfer genes to them so they can make their own carotenoids
Assuming normal cell division, how many chromosomes does a human receive from their mother?
23
If DNA of a particular species was analyzed and it was found that it contains 27 percent A, what would be the percentage of C?
23
If you have 23% T nucleotides in an entire genome, how many C nucleotides should be present?
27
How are the NADPH and G3P molecules made during photosynthesis similar?
They both store energy in chemical bonds.
A scientist identifies a pre-mRNA with the following structure.What is the predicted size of the corresponding mature mRNA in base pairs (bp), excluding the 5' cap and 3' poly-A tail?
295bp
How many NADH are produced from one turn of the citric acid cycle?
3
How many NADH molecules are produced on each turn of the citric acid cycle?
3
Viruses that incorporate their genome with that of the host cell have what type of replication?
a lysogenic cycle
Two groups of organisms that have evolved from a common ancestor into very different forms is an example of
divergent evolution.
Which type of selection results in greater genetic variance in a population?
diversifying selection
For a recessive disorder, two unaffected parents...
have a 25% chance of having an affected offspring if both parents are carriers
A gene from a species of bat is being analyzed by researchers. They insert the gene into a plasmid that is then added to an E. coli cell. How would we refer to the bat gene located in the E. coli cell?
B and C
Which nucleotide can receive a methyl group that can then result in a potential expression change of a nearby gene?
C
A reliable rate of mutation in genes that is used to estimate the time of evolutionary divergence between living and ancestral species or taxa is known as
a molecular clock.
What is a clade?
a monophyletic group of organisms
If the nucleolus were not able to carry out its function, what other cellular organelle would be most affected?
ribosomes
Which of the following is both in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?
ribosomes
Which type of cross disproved blending inheritance?
Cross pollinating a true-breeding white flower with a true-breeding purple flower and obtaining all purple offspring
Which phylogenetic model proposes that all three domains of life evolved from a pool of primitive prokaryotes?
ring of life
What is the SARS-CoV-2 genome made of?
rna
When do sister chromatids get synthesized?
s
The α-helix and the β-pleated sheet are part of which protein structure?
secondary
Which of the following statements is FALSE?Natural selection
selects for more perfectly adapted individuals in each successive generation.
Which of the following statements is false?
An environmental stressor can cause the phage to initiate the lysogenic cycle.
Meselson and Stahl's experiments showed that DNA replicates by which mode?
semi-conservative
How many FADH2 are produced during glycolysis?
0
How many genetically identical daughter cells get produced in Meiosis?
0
How many molecules of carbon dioxide are produced during glycolysis?
0
In the conversion of one molecule of pyruvate to acetyl CoA, how many ATP are produced?
0
In the conversion of one molecule of pyruvate to acetyl CoA, how many FADH2 are produced?
0
Mendel's experiments on heredity showed the importance of understanding basic probability. You have calculated the probability of making a free throw in basketball at 80%. What is the probability that you would miss two free throws in a row?
0.04 (4%)
What would be the expected number of homozygous dominant, heterozygous, and homozygous recessive genotypes (AA, Aa, aa) if this population were in a Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium state?
0.138, 0.467, 0.394
What is the expected genotype frequency for brown individuals if in a H-W equilibrium?
0.36
How many FADH2 are produced from one turn of the citric acid cycle?
1
How many GTP/ATP are produced by one turn of the citric acid cycle?
1
In the conversion of one molecule of pyruvate to acetyl CoA, how many NADH are produced?
1
In the conversion of one molecule of pyruvate to acetyl CoA, how many carbon dioxide molecules are produced?
1
The 50 species of Hawaiian honeycreepers evolved from how many founding species
1
A monohybrid cross is a mating between two heterozygotes (Eg., Aa x Aa). Imagine 'A' is a dominant allele for stripes and 'a' is a recessive allele for no stripes. What is the genotypic ratio of the offspring produced by this cross.
1 AA : 2 Aa : 1aa
How many NADH TOTAL from the processes of glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, and the citric acid are produced from one molecule of glucose?
10
A species has 12 chromosomes in a cell. If this cell underwent mitosis, how many chromosomes would be in the daughter cell?
12
A cell contains 14 chromosomes and undergoes mitosis. How many chromosomes will be in each daughter cell?
14
If a species has 7 chromosomes in a haploid gamete, how many chromosomes would be in a diploid somatic cell of the same species?
14
What is the total number of alleles in this population?
1560
Sunflowers have 34 chromosomes in diploid cells. How many chromosomes would be found in a haploid pollen grain
17
At the end of glycolysis, how many molecules of pyruvate are generated from one molecule of glucose?
2
How many FADH2 TOTAL from the processes of glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, and the citric acid are produced from one molecule of glucose?
2
How many NADH are produced from glycolysis?
2
How many carbon dioxide molecules are generated from one turn of the citric acid cycle?
2
How many molecules of acetyl CoA are produced from one molecule of glucose?
2
What is the minimum number of trait(s) / gene(s) you would need to examine to see Mendel's law of independent assortment in action?
2
A monohybrid cross is a mating between two heterozygotes (Eg., Aa x Aa). Imagine 'A' is a dominant allele for stripes and 'a' is a recessive allele for no stripes. What is the phenotypic ratio of the offspring produced by this cross.
3 stripes : 1 no stripe
If the sequence of a strand is 5'-AATGCTAC-3', then the complementary sequence has the following sequence:
3'-TTACGATG-5'
How big is the SARS-CoV-2 genome?
30,000 bp
Imagine the following sequence was one strand in a double helix: GGATCGAGCGATA. How many hydrogen bonds would form between this sequence and the sequence on the opposite strand?
33
A gene contains five exons - how many introns are present?
4
How many ATP are generated in the second half of glycolysis?
4
How many codons encode the amino acid Proline?
4
In which direction does RNA polymerase synthesize mRNA?
5' to 3'
In which direction will DNA polymerase III add nucleotides when synthesizing a new strand of DNA?
5' to 3'
In which direction does DNA replication take place?
5'->3'
The sequence of the template strand of DNA is 3'-TGGCGAAGC-5'. What is the sequence of the mRNA that is produced?
5'-ACCGCUUCG-3'
What is the mRNA sequence of the start codon?
5'-AUG-3'
The sequence of the coding strand of DNA is: 5'-GACTAGGAACAT-3'. What is the sequence of the mRNA that is produced?
5'-GACUAGGAACAU-3'
What is the chance that an offspring will have a dominant genetic disorder if the father is a heterozygote and the mother is homozygous recessive? TIP: sketch a Punnett square to track alleles.
50
Which piece of DNA would migrate furthest through a gel during gel electrophoresis?
50 nucleotides
A gene has three exons that are 140, 230, and 130 bp, respectively. Intron 1 is 125 bp and intron 2 is 95 bp. How long is the properly spliced mature RNA transcript?
500
In a normal eukaryotic gene, if there are 7 introns, how many exons are present?
8
Look at figure 11.4 in Friday's reading. Imagine that the cell in question had three homologous pairs of chromosomes instead of two. Assuming no recombination takes place, how many unique gametes could three pairs of homologous chromosomes produce based off their arrangement at metaphase I?
8
If four molecules of carbon dioxide enter the Calvin cycle (four "turns" of the cycle), how many G3P molecules are produced and how many are exported?
8 G3P made, 1 G3P exported
What is the cause of Lyme's disease in humans?
A bite from Ixodes scapularis that carries Borrelia.
Which of the following is the best definition for evolution?
A mechanism for how species change over time on planet earth.
Which of the following populations is not in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?
A population that receives new individuals from a normally distant population.
Three of the same species of plant are each grown under a different colored light for the same amount of time. Plant A is grown under blue light, Plant B is grown under green light, and Plant C is grown under orange light. Assuming the plants use only chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b for photosynthesis, what would be the predicted order of the plants from most growth to least growth?
A, C, B
Translate the following codons into a polypeptide: 5'-CGU/AAC/UUA/GCA/CCC-3'
ARG-ASN-LEU-ALA-PRO
The energy currency used by cells is ______________.
ATP
Predict the end result if a chloroplast's light-independent enzymes developed a mutation that prevented them from activating in response to light.
ATP and NADPH accumulation
What is the name of the protein complex that generates the majority of the ATP produced from aerobic respiration?
ATP synthase
Which of the following structures is not a component of a photosystem?
ATP synthase
Which of the following nucleotides IS NOT a pyrimidine?
Adenine
Which of the following is a phenotype?
All of the above
Why does Dr. Heyduk really like studying CAM plants?
All of the above
MRSA has emerged as a serious infectious disease, with the first case of methicillin-resistant S. aureus being detected in 1961. Why are medical professionals so concerned when we have antibiotics that can kill MRSA?
All of the above.
Which of the statements about biofilms is incorrect?
All statements are correct.
Which of these statements is false?
An antibiotic is any substance produced by a prokaryote that is antagonistic to the spread of a harmful virus.
What is a hybrid zone?
An area where closely related species continue to live together and reproduce.
The transfer of genes from parents to offspring is known as
vertical gene transmission.
What type of pathway does the Trp operon encode?
Anabolic
Which phase of cell division explains Mendel's Law of Segregation?
Anaphase during meiosis I
The anti-codon on a tRNA is 5'-GUC-3'. What amino acid is attached to this tRNA?
Aspartic acid (ASP)
Where are kinetochore proteins found?
At centromeres
WEEK 8 HOMEWORK
BIOTECHNOLOGY AND CELL CYCLE
Which of the following occurs through the process of symbiotic nitrogen fixation?
Bacteria benefit from using photosynthates from the plant.
C4 plants are able to drastically reduce photorespiration compared to C3 plants. Which of the following explains how C4 plants are able to do this?
C4 plants use PEP-carboxylase for initial CO2 fixation
Which of the following is a property of the CAM adaptation?
CAM plants experience CO2 uptake at night
WEEK 3 HOMEWORK
CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
WEEK 7 HOMEWORK
CENTRAL DOGMA
Which molecule must enter the Calvin cycle continually for the light-independent reactions to take place?
CO2
Which of the following lists shows the correct order of a taxonomic hierarchical sequence?
Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
WEEK 6 HOMEWORK
DNA
What is the operator made out of?
DNA
What is the Central Dogma of Biology?
DNA -> RNA -> Protein
What is chromatin made of?
DNA and Protein
A scientist randomly mutates the DNA of a bacterium. She then sequences the bacterium's daughter cells, and finds that the daughters have many errors in their replicated DNA. The parent bacterium likely acquired a mutation in which enzyme?
DNA polymerase
Which of the follow proteins does not play a role in the initial unwinding and stabilization of DNA during replication?
DNA polymerase
Which enzyme is capable of removing the RNA primers?
DNA polymerase I
Which of the following is not associated with euchromatin?
DNA tightly wound around histone proteins
Who was responsible for formalizing the modern concepts of evolution
Darwin and Wallace
Peptide bonds are formed between two amino acids to form proteins. What type of reaction best describes this process?
Dehydration
Which of the following organisms is a prokaryote?
E. coli
WEEK 4 HOMEWORK IMPORTANT
ENERGY AND METABOLISM
WEEK 5 HOMEWORK
ENERGY AND PHOTOSYNTHESIS
WEEK 11 HOMEWORK
EVOLUTION
WEEK 13 HOMEWORK
EVOLUTION
WEEK 12 HOMEWORK
EVOLUTION OF POPULATIONS
Which of the following is a NOT a misconception about the process of evolution.
Evolution works at the population level.
Which of the following is not a function of the 3' poly A tail?
Export out of the cell
What compound receives electrons from NADH?
FMN
Unlike bacterial infections, populations of pathogenic viruses do not evolve resistance to antiviral drugs.
False
Which situation would most likely lead to allopatric speciation?
Flood causes the formation of a new lake.
What type of nucleotide makes up the 5' cap?
G
Which cell cycle checkpoint plays a large role in determining whether chromosomes have been completely replicated?
G2 checkpoint
Which of the following has a lipopolysaccharide layer associated with the outer membrane?
Gram-negative bacteria
SARS-CoV-2 is a member of the
Group IV in the Baltimore classification.
In the offspring of a mating you find three times as many dominant phenotypes than recessive phenotypes. What are the genotypes of the parents who produced the offspring?
Hh x Hh
You are studying a trait in crabs with two versions: big claws (dominant) and small claws (recessive). You find a bunch of big claw crabs on the beach and want to understand their genotype so you perform a test cross. Upon crossing a big claw crab to a small claw crab you find that all offspring have big claws. Was the big claw parent a homozygote or a heterozygote?
Homozygote
Which of the following is not a characteristic of all model organisms?
Human-like traits
What bonds does the denaturation step of PCR break?
Hydrogen
In cellular respiration, one molecule of glucose (C6H12O6) is completely broken down into CO2 and H2O. What type of synthesis reaction best describes this process?
Hydrolysis
In step 4 of glycolysis, an aldolase enzyme splits one 6-carbon fructose-1,6-bisphosphate molecule into two 3-carbon molecules. What type of reaction is this?
Hydrolysis
What functional group differentiates RNA from DNA?
Hydroxyl
When birds from parents of the same family group mate with each other, or inbreed, they can produce less-fit offspring compared to breeding with unrelated individuals. Why?
Inbreeding can bring together mutations that produce deleterious phenotypes in young.
In what important way does receptor-mediated endocytosis differ from phagocytosis?
It brings in only a specifically targeted substance.
Which condition is the basis for a species to be reproductively isolated from other members?
It does not exchange genetic information with other species.
What happens to the membrane of a vesicle after exocytosis?
It fuses with and becomes part of the plasma membrane.
Which statement is false about reverse transcriptase?
It is produced by the genome of some host cell and makes them vulnerable to viruses.
What is the condition of this population?
It is very likely to be evolving because the observed genotypes are quite different than that predicted by the H-W equilibrium.
Which of the following is TRUE about a phylogenetic tree?
It provides a hypothetical model of the relationships between living and extinct species.
What is the value of the Hardy-Weinberg principle?
It provides a mathematical estimate of expected genotype frequencies that can be used to determine whether a population is under evolutionary pressure.
Where do microtubules contact sister chromatids during mitosis?
Kinetochore
Which of the following is not assessed during the G2 checkpoint?
Kinetochore attachment
What taxonomic level of classification includes the greatest number of species?
Kingdom
In eukaryotes, what would happen if the TATA box became mutated to TGTA?
Less transcription
Centromeres are generally considered inaccessible (closed). Which of the following characteristics would you most likely find in the centromeric region of a chromosome?
Low gene expression
WEEK 2 HOMEWORK
MACROMOLECULES
WEEK 10 HOMEWORK
MENDELIAN GENETICS
WEEK 9 HOMEWORK
MITOSIS AND MEIOSIS
What are the four types of RNA and how do they function?
Messenger RNA (mRNA) - carries a copy of genes in DNA from the nucleus out into the cytoplasm Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) - critical part of the ribosome structure, which is the cellular machinery that makes proteins from the mRNA template. Transfer RNA (tRNA) - carries individual amino acids to the ribosomes for protein synthesis Micro RNA (miRNA) - short pieces of RNA regulate gen expression by interacting with specific mRNA messages
___ phase creates genetic variation via the random arrangement of homologous chromosomes
Metaphase I
What is the difference between micro- and macroevolution?
Microevolution can describe the evolution of organisms that live in a large interbreeding group, while macroevolution describes the evolution of organisms over longer epochs of time.
Many prokaryotes that are easily cultured in the lab are human or animal pathogens. Why would these species be more readily cultured than non-pathogenic prokaryotes?
Most of the necessary culture conditions could be estimated for pathogenic prokaryotes because the host was known.
Which statement is true?
Most viruses can be visualized with electron microscopy techniques.
Which of the following statements about the structure of all viruses is true?
NONE OF THE ABOVE
In horses, neural cells and liver cells have drastically different shapes and functions. Based on what we have learned this week (and last week), what most likely explains these different functions?
Neural cells and liver cells express different genes
Which statement is false about viral replication?
Newly produced virions always have the same genome as the invading parent.
Which atom did Messelson and Stahl use to track daughter strands of DNA?
Nitrogen
Is this population evolving?
No, because the numbers of observed phenotypes closely matches that predicted by the Hardy-Weinberg equation.
During cellular respiration, in one or more of the steps in the Citric Acid cycle enzymes rearrange the bonds between carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen atoms, but no new bonds are formed.
None of the above
Which of the following RNA modifications occur in prokaryotes?
None of the above
What type of molecule is the 5' cap?
Nucleotide
If a eukaryotic mRNA lacked a poly-A tail, where would the mRNA be located?
Nucleus
What is the main difference between dispersal and vicariance?
One involves the movement of the organism, and the other involves a change in the environment.
Two eukaryotic organisms have identical gene and promoter sequences for a cell division gene. However, one individual expresses the gene and the other does not. What could explain this?
One promoter is methylated and the other is not
A repressor protein normally binds the:
Operator
WEEK 15 HOMEWORK
PHYLOGENETICS AND BACTERIA
What type of bond is made between amino acids in the ribosome?
Peptide
The ribosome catalyzes the formation of which bond?
Peptide bond
DNA ligase forms what sort of bond?
Phosphodiester bond in the backbone
Which groups of organisms arrange genes in operons?
Prokaryotes
What is the main difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
Prokaryotes lack a nucleus and other internal membrane bound organelles.
What may be a consequence of mutating the protein p53?
Quicker cell division
SARS-CoV2 has a genome made of RNA. What method would allow you use to determine the presence of SARS-CoV2 in a particular sample?
RNA extraction and then RT-PCR
Oncogenic virus cores can be___.
RNA or DNA
The genome of a virus is contained in the virus core which is made up of
RNA or DNA.
Which of the following does the enzyme primase synthesize?
RNA primer
In addition to providing yogurt with its unique flavor and texture, lactic acid-producing bacteria also provide which additional benefit during food production?
Reduction of pH that prevents growth of pathogenic bacteria
In a eukaryote, which of the following is not associated with the beginning of transcription?
Ribosome
Which order of molecular conversions is correct for the Calvin cycle?
RuBP + CO → [RuBisCO] 3-PGA → G3P
The _ functions to attach the SARS-CoV-2 virion to a host cell.
S protein
Which of the following hypotheses proposes that viruses were the first replicating genome on earth, and predated the prokaryotes?
Self-replicating Virus-first
What type of replication did Messelson and Stahl demonstrate that cells use?
Semi-conservative
What gets pulled apart during anaphase in mitosis?
Sister chromatids
Which of the following is TRUE regarding taxonomic classification?
Subspecies are the most specific category of classification.
Which of the following is not found in DNA?
Sulfur
Describe the mutation that exists between these two codons: 5'-AAC-3' and 5'-AAU-3'.
Synonymous
What is the phenotype of the heterozygous lizards?
TAN
RNA polymerase uses which molecule to synthesize messenger RNA?
Template strand of DNA
A scientist creates fruit fly larvae with a mutation that eliminates the exonuclease function of DNA polIII. Which prediction about the mutational load in the adult fruit flies is most likely to be correct?
The adults with the DNA pol III mutation will have more mutations than average.
Which of the following statements about virus structure is true?
The capsid is made up of small protein subunits called capsomeres.
Which of the following is false about the Human Immunodeficiency Virus?
The low mutation rate of the virus makes it relatively easy to select an optimal treatment with a single drug.
A botanist sees that some of her orchids with a black fungus growing on their leaves also have small rotting spots, while other orchids in the atrium that lack the fungus appear healthy. What is the most likely conclusion the botanist can make about the virus that is found to be infecting her orchids?
The orchids became infected by horizontaltransmission.
A scientist is comparing the characteristics of a C3 plant (wheat) and a C4 plant (sugarcane). Which of the following is TRUE?
The sugarcane plant physically separates its phases of carbon fixation and the Calvin Cycle, while the wheat plant does not
Which statement is false in regards to viral replication?
The viral capsomeres are produced at the same time and during the same process as the viral genome.
What property is characteristic of ALL lipids?
They are hydrophobic
Which statement is true of viroids?
They are single-stranded RNA particles.
What do the electrons added to NAD do?
They go to another pathway for ATP production.
Which of the following was not a reason why Mendel use pea plants to study inheritance?
They have extremely large chromosomes
Which of the following is TRUE about the wings of a bird and a bat?
They share structures and genes that were inherited from a common ancestor.
DNA replication involves unwinding two strands of parent DNA, copying each strand to synthesize complementary strands, and releasing the parent and daughter DNA. Which of the following accurately describes this process?
This is an anabolic process.
Which of the following sentences uses the correct scientific grammar?
Three species of fish are found with one species of crab in a lake.
Which statement about thylakoids in eukaryotes is not correct?
Thylakoids exist as a maze of folded membranes.
Which of the following enzymes relieves tension during DNA replication?
Topoisomerase
The genes in an operon produce proteins that operate in the same biochemical pathway.
True
The ribosome is made up of:
Two of the above
You have a plant that has the following genotype: EEFf. Which of the following gametes can this individual produce?
Two of the above
Which situation is not an example of a prezygotic barrier?
Two species of insects produce infertile offspring.
WEEK 16 HOMEWORK
VIRUSES
You are studying a dominant trait - widow's peak hair patterning. Let's assume that this trait is caused by the W gene, where W is dominant to w. If you encounter someone with widow's peak hair patterning, what is their genotype?
WW or Ww
What is the source of electrons for the chloroplast electron transport chain?
Water
Two species of closely related frogs live in the same habitat but breed at different times of the year. This is an example of
a prezygotic barrier that blocks reproduction from taking place.
A person in England arrives at a medical clinic with a fever and swollen lymph nodes shortly after returning from a visit to New Mexico. For which bacteria should the doctor test the patient?
Yersinia pestis
If true breeding brown (YY) pigmented and yellow (yy) pigmented hamsters produce offspring that are all brown - do you know the genotype of all of the offspring?
Yes - they are all Yy
Prokaryotes are important members of
a and b
In a phylogenetic tree, what do we call the point where one species (or taxon) evolved into another species (or taxon)?
a branch point
A polytomy shows
a branch with more than two lineages from the same node and where scientist dont yet have enough data to resolve it to two lineages.
Which of the following is most likely to have the greatest concentration of smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
a cell that makes steroid hormones
Animals accomplish cytokinesis by using _, whereas plants form __.
a cleavage furrow; a cell plate
A trait found in two or more species that is derived, with or without modification from a common ancestor is known as
a homology.
one species of tree snail is found on a single island in the Pacific. A storm knocks down one tree that contains 50 snails and it drifts at sea for a week before coming ashore at a nearby island. The snails make it to shore and over time evolve into a new snail species. This is an example of
a sea barrier responsible for allopatric speciation.
A characteristic found in all the organisms in a clade that also appeared in the extinct common ancestor is an example of
a shared ancestral character.
When you are developing a Punnet Square, two letters are placed at the top of the two columns and next to the two rows. The arrow is pointing to a single letter which refers to a(n):
allele
What is the best estimate for how long there has been life on earth?
about 3.5 billion years
A heritable trait that helps to increase an organism's survival or reproductive success in its environment is a(n)
adaptation.
A reducing chemical reaction ______________.
adds an electron to the substrate
The -35 regions of prokaryotic promoters is called a consensus sequence because
all -35 sequences are similar in all bacterial species
Which of the following cell membrane proteins is targeted by the spike protein receptors of a SARS-COV-2?
angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, or ACE2 receptor"
Which of the following is most likely found in extreme environments?
archaea
Which of the following has pseudopeptidoglycan in its wall?
archaean prokaryotic cells
A new species can arise when offspring wind up with two complete sets of chromosomes. One example of this is
autopolyploidy.
Viruses
b and c
Data used to construct a phylogeny can be used in many ways to show different evolutionary relationships between organisms in a taxon or clade. The construction of a phylogeny using the rule of maximum parsimony results in a phylogeny that
b and c.
Which of the following statements is false? a. Tissues exist within organs which exist within organ systems. b. Communities exist within populations which exist within ecosystems. c. Organelles exist within cells which exist within tissues. d. Communities exist within ecosystems which exist in the biosphere.
b. Communities exist within populations which exist within ecosystems.
The presence of a membrane-enclosed nucleus is a characteristic of ______________. a. prokaryotic cells b. eukaryotic cells c. living organisms d. bacteria
b. eukaryotic cells
The first forms of life on Earth were ______________. a. plants b. microorganisms c. birds d. dinosaurs
b. microorganisms
Which of the following consist of prokaryotic cells?
bacteria and archaea
X-linked recessive disorders are more common in males because:
because males have only one X chromosome
Promoters are typically found ___
before the transcription start site
A microbial community held together by a textured matrix is a known as a(an)
biofilm
Which description is an example of a phenotype?
both a and c
The smallest unit of biological structure that meets the functional requirements of "living" is the ______________. a. organ b. organelle c. cell d. macromolecule
c. cell
Variations in environmental conditions
can determine the sex of incubating alligator embryos during development.
Viruses
can have a capsid with a helical, polyhedral or complex shape.
What is removed from pyruvate during its conversion into an acetyl group?
carbon dioxide
Adenoviruses are being used to develop a viral vector vaccine for SARS-CoV-2 and
carry a sequence that codes for the spike antigen.
The process of aerobic cellular respiration breaks down a glucose molecule in order to generate a large number of ATP molecules. What type of pathway is this?
catabolic
The ______________ is the basic unit of life.
cell
Which of the following structures is responsible for the different staining properties of Gram-positive and Gram-negative prokaryotes?
cell wall structure
Plant cell walls contain which of the following in abundance?
cellulose
Chemical compounds are a source of energy for which of the following?
chemotrophs
Prokaryotes that obtain their energy from chemical compounds are called _.
chemotrophs
Where in eukaryotic cells does the Calvin cycle take place?
chloroplast stroma
Which of the following components is not used by both plants and cyanobacteria to carry out photosynthesis?
chloroplasts
The study of organizing homologous traits to describe phylogenies is known as
cladistics
A person with type AB blood is an example of what kind of inheritance:
co-dominance
The following chemical reactants produce the ester ethyl ethanoate (CHO): CHO + CHCOOH What type of reaction occurs to make ethyl ethanoate?
condensation
The process by which groups of organisms in distant taxa independently evolve to take on similar forms is known as
convergent evolution.
Which of the following was one of the first life forms to add oxygen to the atmosphere?
cyanobacteria
Which complex is not involved in the establishment of conditions for ATP synthesis?
cytochrome complex
Where does glycolysis occur?
cytoplasm
In prokaryotes transcription takes place in the ____. In eukaryotes transcription takes place in the ____.
cytoplasm, nucleus
Translation occurs in the __ of eukaryotes and the __ of prokaryotes.
cytoplasm; cytoplasm
Each carbon molecule can bond with as many as ______________ other atom(s) or molecule(s). a. 1 b. 2 c. 6 d. 4
d. 4
Which of the following statements is not true? a. Water is polar. b. Water stabilizes temperature. c. Water is essential for life. d. Water is the most abundant molecule in the Earth's atmosphere.
d. Water is the most abundant molecule in the Earth's atmosphere.
Which of the following sequences represents the hierarchy of biological organization from the most inclusive to the least complex level? a. organelle, tissue, biosphere, ecosystem, population b. organ, organism, tissue, organelle, molecule c. organism, community, biosphere, molecule, tissue, organ d. biosphere, ecosystem, community, population, organism
d. biosphere, ecosystem, community, population, organism
A nucleotide of DNA may contain ______________.
deoxyribose, thymine, and a phosphate group
Prokaryotes depend on ______________ to obtain some materials and to get rid of wastes.
diffusion
Active transport must function continuously because ______________.
diffusion is constantly moving solutes in opposite directions
Section that favors individuals with only the darkest red feather phenotype is an example of
directional selection.
The process by which groups of organisms evolve in diverse directions from a common point is known as
divergent evolution.
Natural selection that favors two different phenotypes that are at extremes in a population (such as black and white coats in rats) but also selects against the intermediate phenotype color is an example of
diversifying selection.
Selection that favors individuals with red feathers and individuals with blue feathers in a population is best described as
diversifying selection.
In the 'Hershey Chase Experiment' which macromolecule did the bacteriophage inject into the bacterium?
dna
Which of the following is not associated with prions?
dna
Which characteristic of a phospholipid contributes to the fluidity of the membrane?
double bonds in the fatty acid tail
A disease that is constantly present in a population is called a(an)
endemic.
One of the main factors that affect rates of speciation is
environmental factors.
A disease that occurs in a very large number of individuals in a population at the same time is known as a(n)
epidemic.
Which of the following have a nucleus surrounded by a membrane?
eukaryotic cells
What is the location of the cell wall in most prokaryotes
exterior to the cell membrane
TRUE or FALSE: All human genetic disorders are recessive.
f
TRUE or FALSE: Homozygous individuals do not have homologous pairs of chromosomes, whereas heterozygous individuals have homologous pairs of chromosomes.
f
TRUE OR FALSE: DNA polymerase III can accomplish replication in a cell that lacks primase
false
TRUE OR FALSE: DNA polymerase III never makes errors
false
TRUE OR FALSE: Did Watson and Crick discover DNA?
false
TRUE OR FALSE: Helicase is needed during transcription.
false
TRUE OR FALSE: Prokaryotic genes have introns
false
TRUE OR FALSE: The Hershey and Chase Experiment demonstrated that DNA was a double helix.
false
TRUE OR FALSE: the start codon indicates where transcription begins.
false
TRUE of FALSE - The Citric Acid Cycle uses oxygen
false
TRUE or FALSE - Lactic acid fermentation replaces the glycolysis pathway in the absence of oxygen
false
TRUE or FALSE: A haploid gamete contain homologous pairs of chromosomes.
false
TRUE or FALSE: All microtubules are connected to kinetochores?
false
One of the original Amish colonies rose from a ship of colonists that came from Europe. The ships captain, who had polydactyly, a rare dominant trait, was one of the original colonists. Today, we see a much higher frequency of polydactyly in the Amish population. This is an example of:
founder effect
Selection that favors red or blue feathered birds only when they are rare in a population is an example of
frequency-dependent selection.
Water moves via osmosis ______________.
from an area with a high concentration of water to one of lower concentration
An example of a monosaccharide is ______________.
fructose, glucose and galactose
A daughter cell that just got created via mitosis is most likely in what stage?
g1
Which of the following stages would not have chromosomes with sister chromatids during mitosis?
g1
During which of these phases is DNA least condensed?
g2
The movement of alleles in and out of a population caused by individuals or gametes is known as
gene flow
The rate at which a specific allele appears within a population is known as the
gene frequency allele frequency
The alleles of all individuals within a population are referred to as the
gene pool
Particles that transfer genetic material from one species to another, especially in marine prokaryotes is known as what?
gene transfer agents
Which of the following approaches can be used to develop vaccines for SARS-CoV-2 without handling the virus in the lab?
genetic and viral vector vaccines
the effect of chance on the structure of a population gene pool is known as
genetic drift
What is one of the main function of nucleic acids?
genetic inheritance
The diversity of alleles and genotypes within a population is known as
genetic variance.
The number of phenotypes in a population is determined by
genotype frequency
Energy is stored long-term in the bonds of ______________ and used short-term to perform work from a(n) ______________molecule.
glucose : ATP
Sialic acid is an acidic sugar that sometimes attached to lipids embedded in the cell membrane. What do you call this kind of macromolecule when attached to the outer surface of a cell membrane?
glycolipid
Hemagglutinin is composed of a carbohydrate attached to a protein. What is this type of molecule called?
glycoprotein
Lactose is a disaccharide formed by the formation of a ______________ bond between glucose and ______________.
glycosidic; galactose
A bird species that lives in an environment with constant climate and food resources is most likely to show an evolutionary pattern of
gradual speciation.
A branch point on a phylogenetic trees is where scientists that study systematics place
groups organisms that share the formation of a new character.
One hypothesis is that the SARS-COV-2 virus is a genetic chimera which
has a recombinant genetic code that resulted from a virus that inhabited a species of bat, and then invaded a species of pangolin which contained a different coronavirus.
One hypothesis is that the SARS-CoV-2 virus is a genetic chimera which
has a recombinant genetic code that resulted from a virus that inhabited a species of bat, and then invaded a species of pangolin which contained a different coronavirus.
The transfer of genes by a mechanism not involving asexual reproduction is called
horizontal gene transfer.
The transfer of genes between two species that does not involve inheritance is known as
horizontal gene transmission, lateral gene transmission.
During the breakdown of polymers, which of the following reactions takes place?
hydrolysis
What is the primary function of carbohydrates attached to the exterior of cell membranes?
identification of the cell
The effect of high levels of ADP is to ______________ in cellular respiration.
increase the activity of specific enzymes
Natural selection acts upon
individual organisms.
The strategy for inducing cells in humans to produce spike proteins that occur in the SARS-CoV-2 virus is that the proteins will
induce the immune system to recognize the spike protein and kill the virus if it is encountered.
Where does oxidative phosphorylation happen?
inner mitochondrial membrane
Which of the following fermentation methods can occur in animal skeletal muscles?
lactic acid fermentation
Which of the following components is not involved during the formation of the replication fork?
ligase
Which variable increases the likelihood of allopatric speciation taking place more quickly?
longer distance between divided groups
The good genes hypothesis states that
males of some species can develop impressive traits to show their fitness to females.
Many viruses that cause disease in humans can be treated but (choose the best answer)
may evolve through mutations to become resistant to the antiviral drug or vaccine treatment.
An example of a dangerous bacterial infection that is resistant to several widely used antibiotics is
methicillin resistant Staphyloccocus aureaus.
Where does pyruvate oxidation occur?
mitochondrial matrix
Where does the citric acid cycle happen?
mitochondrial matrix
Which of the following is not a component of the endomembrane system?
mitochondrion
A tree with a group of organisms that contain species/lineages which are more closely related to each other than to any outside of the group, and share a most recent common ancestor is known as a
monophyletic clade.
Which of the following evolutionary forces can introduce new genetic variation into a population?
mutation and gene flow
Which of the following evolutionary forces can introduce new genetic variation into a population?
mutation but not genetic drift
Which scientific concept did Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace independently discover?
natural selection
The building blocks of nucleotides are (choose all correct answers):
nitrogenous base phosphate monosaccharide sugar
A gene controlling wing shape has two alleles L (short wings - dominant) and l (long wings - recessive). If two heterozygotes mate and produce offspring can you be confident that you know the genotype of any single individual short wing offspring?
no
Which of the following is NOT an example of an extremophile prokaryote?
none of the above.
Describe the mutation that exists between these two codons: 5'-UAC-3' and 5'-UAA-3'
nonsense
ATP is the energy currency of a cell. What type of macromolecule is ATP?
nucleic acid
The building blocks (i.e. monomers) of nucleic acids are ______________.
nucleotides
Which components of speciation would be least likely to be a part of punctuated equilibrium?
ongoing gene flow among all individuals
In the purple/white flower example from Monday's slides, a true breeding purple plant produces what kind of offspring when it self pollinates?
p
What is the frequency of allele A (p)?
p = 0.372
A disease that occurs in a high number of individuals and also in a very large number of global populations is known as a(n)
pandemic.
What is the covalent bond between amino acids called?
peptide bond
Which transport mechanism can bring whole cells into a cell?
phagocytosis
The control of which enzyme exerts the most control on glycolysis?
phosphofructokinase
In which of the following categories do scientists place cyanobacteria that harness energy from the sun through the process of photosynthesis and obtain electrons by the oxidation of water?
photolithotrophs
From which component of the light-dependent reactions does NADPH form most directly?
photosystem I
The first organisms to convert solar energy into chemical energy were most likely
phototrophs
the evolutionary history and relationship of an organism or group of organisms is called a
phylogeny.
Cellulose and starch are examples of:
polysaccharides
Which of the following cannot be affected by a bacteriophage?
prions
Which of the following terms categorizes plants that create organic compounds after capturing CO2from the air?
producers
Which of the following is considered to be the first form of life on earth?
prokaryotes
Which plasma membrane component can be either found on its surface or embedded in the membrane structure?
protein
Which portion of the coronavirus spike protein anchors the virus to the ACE-2 protein binding site?
protomers in the receptor binding domain
The energy released by the hydrolysis of ATP is ______________
providing energy to coupled reactions
Which of the following best represents the way nucleotides pair in the DNA double helix?
purines always pair with pyrimidines
A population of plants has two different alleles for seed color. If the frequency of one allele in the population is p = 0.4, what is the frequency of the other allele q?
q = 0.6
What is the frequency of allele a (q)?
q = 0.628
The experiments by Hershey and Chase helped confirm that DNA was the hereditary material on the basis of the finding that:
radioactive phosphorous was in the bacterial cell
Once the influenza virus binds to a cell membrane, it is transported into the cell in a vesicle. What kind of cellular transport is this? HINT - it requires binding
receptor-mediated endocytosis
If a true breeding yellow feathered bird mates with a true breeding red feathered bird, all of the offspring are red. Which trait is dominant and what is the genotype of the offspring?
red; heterozygous
Which term is used to describe the continued divergence of species based on the low fitness of hybrid offspring?
reinforcement
The production of less fit hybrids usually result in the process of
reinforcement.
The ability of an individual organism to survive and reproduce in comparison to other members of the population is known as
relative fitness.
A small flock of European finches from a large population in Asia, get caught in a hurricane and are blown to the Hawaiian Islands. Within a few generations, individuals in the Hawaii population look very different from those in the Asian population. This is an example of
the founder effect.
The genetic structure of a population is defined as
the frequencies of different genotypes.
A phylogenetic tree is a diagram that shows
the hypothetical evolutionary relationships among organisms based upon current data available.
The root of a phylogenetic tree shows
the location of the common ancestor to all other species in the tree.
Mutations of DNA are
the most common way that new genotypes and phenotypes appear in a population.
Chemiosmosis involves ______________.
the movement of hydrogen ions across a mitochondrial membrane
Which of the following is surrounded by two phospholipid bilayers?
the nucleoplasm
Phospholipids are important components of ______________.
the plasma membrane of cells
In oxidative phosphorylation, where does the energy come from that is used to add a phosphate to ADP to form ATP?
the potential energy from the hydrogen ion gradient generated by the electron transport chain
What is the main difference between autopolyploid and allopolyploid?
the source of the extra chromosomes
Bioremediation includes _ .
the use of prokaryotes to clean up pollutants
Bioremediation is
the use of prokaryotes to clean up pollutants.
The squares in a Punnett square show:
the zygote's genotype
Saturated fats have all of the following characteristics except:
they tend to dissolve in water easily
What internal structure does a chloroplast have that isn't found in a mitochondria?
thylakoid
Most hybrids are less fit than the parents.
true
RUE or FALSE: A homologous pair of chromosomes contains the same set of genes in the same order.
true
TRUE OR FALSE: Eukaryotic introns are transcribed.
true
TRUE OR FALSE: Transfer RNA (tRNA) can be recharged with an amino acid after they exit the E site of the ribosome.
true
TRUE OR FALSE: tRNAs use complementary basepairing during translation?
true
TRUE of FALSE - all cells undergo respiration
true
TRUE or FALSE - during cellular respiration, one molecule of glucose is completely oxidized to 6 carbon dioxide molecules
true
TRUE or FALSE - the Electron Transport Chain requires oxygen?
true
TRUE or FALSE: Continuous traits are controlled by more genes than discrete traits.
true
How many alleles for each gene does an organism carry?
two
The DNA double helix does not have which of the following?
uracil
In plant cells, the function of the lysosomes is carried out by ______________.
vacuoles