Biology Final exam

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5 liters equal to

5000ml

hich of the following statements best describes ATP?

ATP is comprised of a sugar, base, and three phosphate groups.

Which of the following statements describes the correct flow of energy conversions through living systems?

Chloroplasts convert solar energy to the chemical energy of nutrient molecules and mitochondria convert this chemical energy into ATP molecules used for work.

What is the name of the enzyme that fits new complementary DNA nucleotides into the new strand?

DNA polymerase

Which of the following statements is true concerning enzymatic activity

Each enzyme has a preferred pH at which the enzyme reaction rate is highest.

Which of the following is the main difference between in vivo and ex vivo gene therapy?

Ex vivo gene therapy occurs outside the body and in vivo gene therapy occurs inside the body.

If the codon is CCA, what is the anticodon and what amino acid will be inserted?

GGU, proline

Which of the following provides support for the endosymbiotic theory?

Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own genomes.

Which of the following is a true statement about proteins?

Proteins are made up of amino acids bonded together.

which of the following is the correct sequence for the cell cycle

S-G2-M-G1

Which of the following best describes the overall goal of transcription?

To create a mRNA copy of a segment of DNA to take outside the nucleus.

Humans have two sex chromosomes that are named based on their shape. Males have (an) ________ and females have (an) ________.

X and Y chromosome; two X chromosomes

During the human life cycle, the fertilization of an egg by a sperm results in

a diploid zygote.

which of the following statements best describes the benefits of radiation therpay

all fo the choices are correct

which of the following is a characteristic of all living things

all living things maintain a constant internal environment

in comparison to eukaryotes, prokaryotes

are similar

which of the following is a characteristic of cancer cells

cells with abnormal nuclei

cells are

characteristic of prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms

Which one of the following is a main function of many proteins?

enzymatic activity

Which of the following traits are considered to be inheritable?

eye color

Which of the following is a passive mechanism used to move materials into and out of of the cell?

facilitated diffusion

50 kg equal to 0.5g

false

PCR: the sample is cooled to denature the DNA......

false

"an athlete who uses dietary supplements will....

hypthesis

over the past several decades, the overall trend for earths temperatures has been

increases in overall global temperatures at an accelerating rate, a phenomenon known as global warming

during which stage of the cell cycle do the chromosomes duplicate

interphase

in the ______ cycle, following penetration into the cell, the viral DNA integrates into the host cell's DNA, the virus remains inactive

lysogenic

the cycle of viral infections that will rapidly result in the death of a bacterial cell is called the _______ cycle

lytic

transcription is the

manufacture of a strand of RNA complementary to a strand of DNA

Which of the following is an example of a dehydration synthesis reaction?

nucleotides forming DNA

The plasma membrane is a thin sheet of lipid embedded with

proteins

DNA replication is considered to be ________ because the end product consists of one old strand and one newly synthesized strand.

semiconservative

living organisms are members of all of the levels listed; however, rocks are components of

the exosystem

cancer occurs when

the regulation of the cell cycle is lost and uncontrolled cell division occurs.

what is the total magnification capacity of a microscope with a 10x ocular lens and a 40x objective lens

400x

Which of the following is an organic molecule?

C6H12O6

Which of the following statements describes the correct flow of energy conversions through living systems?

Chloroplasts convert solar energy to the chemical energy of nutrient molecules.

How do hypotheses differ from theories?

Theories are more comprehensive than hypotheses.

What property of phospholipids makes them suitable for the formation of the double layer found in membranes?

They have both a hydrophobic and a hydrophilic end

Sickle-cell disease is a disorder that is caused by

a single mutation on a single gene

which of the following is only true of RNA, but not DNA

adenine pairs with uracil

Sickle-cell disease results in misshapen red blood cells. What impact does this have on their ability to carry gases in the bloodstream?

all of the above

Variations in genes are called ________. Examples of these variations include eye color. There are blue eyes, green eyes, brown eyes, and several combinations of these.

alleles

living things are divided into three different domains. Which of these domains are classified as prokaryotes

archaea, bacteria

as climate change continues, the prevalence of vector-borne disease has increased. why is this?

as climates have warmed and winters have become less severe, the range of mosquitos and ticks has increased, bringing with them the disease they carry

what is the correct sequence of events in viral reproduciton

attachment, penetration, biosynthesis, maturation and release

Select the correct association.

carbohydrates—provide the body with an immediate source of energy

because fossil fuels are the remains of once living organisms, they contain reservoirs of ______- that are released into the atmosphere when they are burned

carbon

which of these is the best description of a virus

chemical complexes of RNA or DNA protected by a protein shell

best describes how alkylating agents work as chemotherpay

chemicals that integrate into the DNA, causing it to break at specific points general and so can cause longterm side effects including other cancers

the part of the microscope that always re-magnifies the image 10 times is called

condenser

which of the following is true regarding the benefits of wind energy

considered to be nonpolluting

eat plants and animals

consumers

the _____ group is identical to all other items or subjects that you are examining with the exception that it does not receive the treatment or the xperimental manipulation that the treatment group rexeives

control

The principal role for sugars in living organisms is to

create cellular energy

During metaphase I of meiosis, genetic information is exchanged between two homologous chromosomes, resulting in new combinations of alleles. This process is called ________.

crossing-over

___________ act as an alarm to the organ systmes of the body, alerting them that a pathogen is present

cytokines

which of the following types of cells would a flu virus most likely target as the means of entry into the body

epithelial cells lining the respiratory system

as global temperatures increase, which of the following scenarios is most likely to happen

glaciers and snow coverage decrease

a product of photosynthesis, _________ is a carbon-based molecule that is the chief source of energy for most organisms

glucose

photosynthesis takes carbon from reservoirs in the atmosphere and uses it to form ____, the energy source for all animals on earth

glucose

how do greenhouse gases cause climate warming

greenhouse gases prevent radiation of infrared energy back into space, trapping the heat near the earth's surface and causing the climate to warm

Each enzyme has a particular substrate because enzymes

have active sites complementary in shape to their substrates.

which of the following is the most likely cause for the sudden sharp increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide levels

human activities, including the use of fossil fuels, changes in agricultural practices, and deforestation

the greenhouse effect

is caused by gases such as carbon dioxide trapping heat in the earths atmosphere

Angiogenesis contributes to carcinogenesis because

it causes blood vessels to grow into the tumor

_____ is the average youre used to where you add up all the number then divide by the number of numbers

mean

which of the following are greenhouse gases

methane and carbon dioxide

which of the following is true concerning the checkpoints in the cell cycle

mitosis stops if chromosomes are not properly aligned

a cluster of small chemical units called atoms held together by chemical bonds

molecule

environmental aire temperature can fluctuate many degrees during the course of a day. a human body temperatur

must be maintained within a range of a few degrees

which of the following is true about mutations

mutations are changes in the nucleotide sequence of DNA

what structure does light pass through after leaving the specimen in a compound ligh microscope

objective lens

organize the following microscope components in order

ocular lens, coarse adjustment knob, fine adjustment knob

correct hierarchy of biological organization from small-scale to larger sclae

organisms - populations- communities 0 ecosystmes - biosphere

cancer is a disorder in which some cells have lost the ability to control their

rate of cell division

Complete the following sentence: Hemoglobin functions in ________ cells and carries ________ to all cells of the body.

red blood; oxygen

which of the following acts as a carbon source within the carbon cycle

respiration from humans and animals

Climate can best be described as

the average weather patterns in a given area over long periods of time

which statement below best summarizes the overall purpose of the light-dependent reactions

the light-dependent reactions capture the energy from the sun and transfer it to high-energy molecules

how does climate change affect earth's oceans

the pH level of the ocean will shift to a more acidic environment, leading to stress and the possible extinction of many species of shellfish and corals

what do all greenhouse gases have in common

they have complex structures that allow them to contribute to the greenhouse effect by trapping heat energy

giant viruses are challenging the historical notion that viruses are nonliving things. what characteristic do giant viruses posses that make scientists think twice about their classification

they have the ability to manufacture their own proteins without the help of a host cell

how do invasive species impact ecosystems

they occupy niches that organisms traditionally occupy, they out compete with other organisms for limited resources, and they are more capable of adapting to rapidly changing climates

How many nucleotides make up a codon?

three

Sickle-cell disease causes hemoglobin proteins to become altered. What direct effect does this have on red blood cells?

Red blood cells become sickle-shaped, clumping up and blocking blood flow in capillaries.

all viruses are made up of two components. what are they

a protein capsid and genetic material, in the form of either RNA or DNA

Which of the following is a function of the digestive system?

absorb nutrients

hich of the following is a function of the large intestine?

absorption of water

Where within the lungs does gas exchange occur?

alveoli

In which of the following is the correct monomer matched with its polymer?

amino acid - protein

f we set up an experimental design to explore the full digestion of starch to glucose, we would need to include which enzymes?

amylase and maltase

________ all of the environments on earth that support life. these include regions of land, bodies of water, and the lower atmosphere

biosphere

_______ is the use of drugs to treat disease

chemotherapy

Each organism is given a unique two-part scientific name. it consists of the genus and species. genus names are not capitalized

false

Two major unit systems:

false

as the mRNA passes through the ribosome, each codon interacts with the anticodon of a specific ribosomal RNA (rRna) molecule

false

the part of the microscope that helps to focus the image is called

fine adjustment know

Which of the following best describes the definition of a gene?

genetic information that produces a product, either proteins or RNA a section of DNA that produces a single protein product

the steps involved in a single PCR cycle

heat to denatures DNA strands, cool to allow primer to anneal, heat slightly to allow DNA polymerase to copy DNA

there are three major parts within each DNA nucleotide. of these three, which is responsible fo the storage of genetic information

its four nitrogen bases

which of the following correctly traces the path of light through the compound microscope

light source, condenser, specimen objective lens ocular lens

which of the following are the proper components of the scientific method

observation, question, hypthesis, prediction, experiment, results, conclusion

carbon sinks are reservoirs that hold large amounts of carbon. which of the following are considered to be carbon sinks

oceans, fossil fuels deep underground, and the atmosphere

Sickle-cell disease results in malformed hemoglobin molecules. Which cell type contains millions of hemoglobin molecules per cell?

red blood cells

Meiosis is different from mitosis in that meiosis

results in four haploid daughter cells that are genetically diverse, whereas mitosis results in two diploid daughter cells that are genetically identical.

which of the following is the correct sequence of events for an altered protein that is secreted from the celll

rough endoplasmic reticulum - Golgi apparatus - plasma membrane

If a strand of DNA has the sequence AAGCTC, transcription will result in a(n) ______.

single RNA strand with the sequence UUCGAG

which of the following is a correct association

sister chromatids - two identical chromosome strands still attached at the centromere

which of the following is an example of an alternative energy that uses renewable resources

solar energy

In humans, male gametes are called ________, while female gametes are called ________.

sperm; eggs

During translation, a polypeptide chain is created using a RNA template. Which of the following components is responsible for bringing amino acids to the growing polypeptide chain?

tRNA

in which objective lens you aleays have to use immersion oil

100x

The method of determining the exact nucleotide order of a sequence of DNA is called ________ and is now an automated process that involves fluorescent dyes and automated machines.

DNA sequencing

Sickle-cell disease is a disorder that results in malformed hemoglobin molecules. What is the result of this in terms of hemoglobin function?

Hemoglobin has a reduced ability to bind to and transport oxygen in red blood cells.

Which of the following statements best describes the structure of a hemoglobin mo

Hemoglobin is comprised of four globin molecules, each with their own heme group that binds to and carries oxygen.

a scientist is testing the effect of light and dark on the behavior of moths by turning a light on and off. the _____ is the amount of light and the moth's reaction is the _______

IV, DV

Erwin Chargaff's research determined the composition of the nitrogen bases within a strand of DNA. His work determined that

the percent of adenine is equal to the percent of thymine and the percent of cytosine is equal to the percent of guanine.

the light reactions of photosynthesis occur within the _____ of the chloroplast and the Calvin cycle reactions occur within the _____ of the cholorplast

thylakoid; stroma

the optical miscroscope, often referred to as light miscroscope, is a type of microscope which uses visible light and a system of lenses to magnify images of small samples

true

the three of life represents the phylogeny of.....

true

Sickle-cell disease is a recessive genetic disease. This means

two copies of the recessive allele must be present in order for the disease to be expressed.

Hydrolysis of sucrose, a disaccharide, results in

two monomers


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