Biology Final exam
5 liters equal to
5000ml
hich of the following statements best describes ATP?
ATP is comprised of a sugar, base, and three phosphate groups.
Which of the following statements describes the correct flow of energy conversions through living systems?
Chloroplasts convert solar energy to the chemical energy of nutrient molecules and mitochondria convert this chemical energy into ATP molecules used for work.
What is the name of the enzyme that fits new complementary DNA nucleotides into the new strand?
DNA polymerase
Which of the following statements is true concerning enzymatic activity
Each enzyme has a preferred pH at which the enzyme reaction rate is highest.
Which of the following is the main difference between in vivo and ex vivo gene therapy?
Ex vivo gene therapy occurs outside the body and in vivo gene therapy occurs inside the body.
If the codon is CCA, what is the anticodon and what amino acid will be inserted?
GGU, proline
Which of the following provides support for the endosymbiotic theory?
Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own genomes.
Which of the following is a true statement about proteins?
Proteins are made up of amino acids bonded together.
which of the following is the correct sequence for the cell cycle
S-G2-M-G1
Which of the following best describes the overall goal of transcription?
To create a mRNA copy of a segment of DNA to take outside the nucleus.
Humans have two sex chromosomes that are named based on their shape. Males have (an) ________ and females have (an) ________.
X and Y chromosome; two X chromosomes
During the human life cycle, the fertilization of an egg by a sperm results in
a diploid zygote.
which of the following statements best describes the benefits of radiation therpay
all fo the choices are correct
which of the following is a characteristic of all living things
all living things maintain a constant internal environment
in comparison to eukaryotes, prokaryotes
are similar
which of the following is a characteristic of cancer cells
cells with abnormal nuclei
cells are
characteristic of prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms
Which one of the following is a main function of many proteins?
enzymatic activity
Which of the following traits are considered to be inheritable?
eye color
Which of the following is a passive mechanism used to move materials into and out of of the cell?
facilitated diffusion
50 kg equal to 0.5g
false
PCR: the sample is cooled to denature the DNA......
false
"an athlete who uses dietary supplements will....
hypthesis
over the past several decades, the overall trend for earths temperatures has been
increases in overall global temperatures at an accelerating rate, a phenomenon known as global warming
during which stage of the cell cycle do the chromosomes duplicate
interphase
in the ______ cycle, following penetration into the cell, the viral DNA integrates into the host cell's DNA, the virus remains inactive
lysogenic
the cycle of viral infections that will rapidly result in the death of a bacterial cell is called the _______ cycle
lytic
transcription is the
manufacture of a strand of RNA complementary to a strand of DNA
Which of the following is an example of a dehydration synthesis reaction?
nucleotides forming DNA
The plasma membrane is a thin sheet of lipid embedded with
proteins
DNA replication is considered to be ________ because the end product consists of one old strand and one newly synthesized strand.
semiconservative
living organisms are members of all of the levels listed; however, rocks are components of
the exosystem
cancer occurs when
the regulation of the cell cycle is lost and uncontrolled cell division occurs.
what is the total magnification capacity of a microscope with a 10x ocular lens and a 40x objective lens
400x
Which of the following is an organic molecule?
C6H12O6
Which of the following statements describes the correct flow of energy conversions through living systems?
Chloroplasts convert solar energy to the chemical energy of nutrient molecules.
How do hypotheses differ from theories?
Theories are more comprehensive than hypotheses.
What property of phospholipids makes them suitable for the formation of the double layer found in membranes?
They have both a hydrophobic and a hydrophilic end
Sickle-cell disease is a disorder that is caused by
a single mutation on a single gene
which of the following is only true of RNA, but not DNA
adenine pairs with uracil
Sickle-cell disease results in misshapen red blood cells. What impact does this have on their ability to carry gases in the bloodstream?
all of the above
Variations in genes are called ________. Examples of these variations include eye color. There are blue eyes, green eyes, brown eyes, and several combinations of these.
alleles
living things are divided into three different domains. Which of these domains are classified as prokaryotes
archaea, bacteria
as climate change continues, the prevalence of vector-borne disease has increased. why is this?
as climates have warmed and winters have become less severe, the range of mosquitos and ticks has increased, bringing with them the disease they carry
what is the correct sequence of events in viral reproduciton
attachment, penetration, biosynthesis, maturation and release
Select the correct association.
carbohydrates—provide the body with an immediate source of energy
because fossil fuels are the remains of once living organisms, they contain reservoirs of ______- that are released into the atmosphere when they are burned
carbon
which of these is the best description of a virus
chemical complexes of RNA or DNA protected by a protein shell
best describes how alkylating agents work as chemotherpay
chemicals that integrate into the DNA, causing it to break at specific points general and so can cause longterm side effects including other cancers
the part of the microscope that always re-magnifies the image 10 times is called
condenser
which of the following is true regarding the benefits of wind energy
considered to be nonpolluting
eat plants and animals
consumers
the _____ group is identical to all other items or subjects that you are examining with the exception that it does not receive the treatment or the xperimental manipulation that the treatment group rexeives
control
The principal role for sugars in living organisms is to
create cellular energy
During metaphase I of meiosis, genetic information is exchanged between two homologous chromosomes, resulting in new combinations of alleles. This process is called ________.
crossing-over
___________ act as an alarm to the organ systmes of the body, alerting them that a pathogen is present
cytokines
which of the following types of cells would a flu virus most likely target as the means of entry into the body
epithelial cells lining the respiratory system
as global temperatures increase, which of the following scenarios is most likely to happen
glaciers and snow coverage decrease
a product of photosynthesis, _________ is a carbon-based molecule that is the chief source of energy for most organisms
glucose
photosynthesis takes carbon from reservoirs in the atmosphere and uses it to form ____, the energy source for all animals on earth
glucose
how do greenhouse gases cause climate warming
greenhouse gases prevent radiation of infrared energy back into space, trapping the heat near the earth's surface and causing the climate to warm
Each enzyme has a particular substrate because enzymes
have active sites complementary in shape to their substrates.
which of the following is the most likely cause for the sudden sharp increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide levels
human activities, including the use of fossil fuels, changes in agricultural practices, and deforestation
the greenhouse effect
is caused by gases such as carbon dioxide trapping heat in the earths atmosphere
Angiogenesis contributes to carcinogenesis because
it causes blood vessels to grow into the tumor
_____ is the average youre used to where you add up all the number then divide by the number of numbers
mean
which of the following are greenhouse gases
methane and carbon dioxide
which of the following is true concerning the checkpoints in the cell cycle
mitosis stops if chromosomes are not properly aligned
a cluster of small chemical units called atoms held together by chemical bonds
molecule
environmental aire temperature can fluctuate many degrees during the course of a day. a human body temperatur
must be maintained within a range of a few degrees
which of the following is true about mutations
mutations are changes in the nucleotide sequence of DNA
what structure does light pass through after leaving the specimen in a compound ligh microscope
objective lens
organize the following microscope components in order
ocular lens, coarse adjustment knob, fine adjustment knob
correct hierarchy of biological organization from small-scale to larger sclae
organisms - populations- communities 0 ecosystmes - biosphere
cancer is a disorder in which some cells have lost the ability to control their
rate of cell division
Complete the following sentence: Hemoglobin functions in ________ cells and carries ________ to all cells of the body.
red blood; oxygen
which of the following acts as a carbon source within the carbon cycle
respiration from humans and animals
Climate can best be described as
the average weather patterns in a given area over long periods of time
which statement below best summarizes the overall purpose of the light-dependent reactions
the light-dependent reactions capture the energy from the sun and transfer it to high-energy molecules
how does climate change affect earth's oceans
the pH level of the ocean will shift to a more acidic environment, leading to stress and the possible extinction of many species of shellfish and corals
what do all greenhouse gases have in common
they have complex structures that allow them to contribute to the greenhouse effect by trapping heat energy
giant viruses are challenging the historical notion that viruses are nonliving things. what characteristic do giant viruses posses that make scientists think twice about their classification
they have the ability to manufacture their own proteins without the help of a host cell
how do invasive species impact ecosystems
they occupy niches that organisms traditionally occupy, they out compete with other organisms for limited resources, and they are more capable of adapting to rapidly changing climates
How many nucleotides make up a codon?
three
Sickle-cell disease causes hemoglobin proteins to become altered. What direct effect does this have on red blood cells?
Red blood cells become sickle-shaped, clumping up and blocking blood flow in capillaries.
all viruses are made up of two components. what are they
a protein capsid and genetic material, in the form of either RNA or DNA
Which of the following is a function of the digestive system?
absorb nutrients
hich of the following is a function of the large intestine?
absorption of water
Where within the lungs does gas exchange occur?
alveoli
In which of the following is the correct monomer matched with its polymer?
amino acid - protein
f we set up an experimental design to explore the full digestion of starch to glucose, we would need to include which enzymes?
amylase and maltase
________ all of the environments on earth that support life. these include regions of land, bodies of water, and the lower atmosphere
biosphere
_______ is the use of drugs to treat disease
chemotherapy
Each organism is given a unique two-part scientific name. it consists of the genus and species. genus names are not capitalized
false
Two major unit systems:
false
as the mRNA passes through the ribosome, each codon interacts with the anticodon of a specific ribosomal RNA (rRna) molecule
false
the part of the microscope that helps to focus the image is called
fine adjustment know
Which of the following best describes the definition of a gene?
genetic information that produces a product, either proteins or RNA a section of DNA that produces a single protein product
the steps involved in a single PCR cycle
heat to denatures DNA strands, cool to allow primer to anneal, heat slightly to allow DNA polymerase to copy DNA
there are three major parts within each DNA nucleotide. of these three, which is responsible fo the storage of genetic information
its four nitrogen bases
which of the following correctly traces the path of light through the compound microscope
light source, condenser, specimen objective lens ocular lens
which of the following are the proper components of the scientific method
observation, question, hypthesis, prediction, experiment, results, conclusion
carbon sinks are reservoirs that hold large amounts of carbon. which of the following are considered to be carbon sinks
oceans, fossil fuels deep underground, and the atmosphere
Sickle-cell disease results in malformed hemoglobin molecules. Which cell type contains millions of hemoglobin molecules per cell?
red blood cells
Meiosis is different from mitosis in that meiosis
results in four haploid daughter cells that are genetically diverse, whereas mitosis results in two diploid daughter cells that are genetically identical.
which of the following is the correct sequence of events for an altered protein that is secreted from the celll
rough endoplasmic reticulum - Golgi apparatus - plasma membrane
If a strand of DNA has the sequence AAGCTC, transcription will result in a(n) ______.
single RNA strand with the sequence UUCGAG
which of the following is a correct association
sister chromatids - two identical chromosome strands still attached at the centromere
which of the following is an example of an alternative energy that uses renewable resources
solar energy
In humans, male gametes are called ________, while female gametes are called ________.
sperm; eggs
During translation, a polypeptide chain is created using a RNA template. Which of the following components is responsible for bringing amino acids to the growing polypeptide chain?
tRNA
in which objective lens you aleays have to use immersion oil
100x
The method of determining the exact nucleotide order of a sequence of DNA is called ________ and is now an automated process that involves fluorescent dyes and automated machines.
DNA sequencing
Sickle-cell disease is a disorder that results in malformed hemoglobin molecules. What is the result of this in terms of hemoglobin function?
Hemoglobin has a reduced ability to bind to and transport oxygen in red blood cells.
Which of the following statements best describes the structure of a hemoglobin mo
Hemoglobin is comprised of four globin molecules, each with their own heme group that binds to and carries oxygen.
a scientist is testing the effect of light and dark on the behavior of moths by turning a light on and off. the _____ is the amount of light and the moth's reaction is the _______
IV, DV
Erwin Chargaff's research determined the composition of the nitrogen bases within a strand of DNA. His work determined that
the percent of adenine is equal to the percent of thymine and the percent of cytosine is equal to the percent of guanine.
the light reactions of photosynthesis occur within the _____ of the chloroplast and the Calvin cycle reactions occur within the _____ of the cholorplast
thylakoid; stroma
the optical miscroscope, often referred to as light miscroscope, is a type of microscope which uses visible light and a system of lenses to magnify images of small samples
true
the three of life represents the phylogeny of.....
true
Sickle-cell disease is a recessive genetic disease. This means
two copies of the recessive allele must be present in order for the disease to be expressed.
Hydrolysis of sucrose, a disaccharide, results in
two monomers
