Biology lab practical 1
How to convert Fahrenheit to Celsius
(F-32)/1.8
How to convert Celsius to Fahrenheit
-Multiply by 1.8 & add 32. Ex. 30 Celsius * 1.8 + 32 = 86 Fahrenheit
water freezes at
0 C and 32 F
100x
0.2 mm (0.178); 1000x
40x
0.4 mm (0.45); 400x
cell theory
1. cells are the basic unit of life 2. all living things are composed cells 3. cells come only from other cells
50 degrees Fahrenheit
10 degrees celcius
water boils at
100 degrees Celsius or 212 degrees Fahrenheit
77 Degrees Celsius
170.6
compound microscope
2 sets of lenses (ocular and objective) and light (from below) to view an object
objective 10x
2.0 mm (1.78); 100x
objective 4x
4.0 mm (4.45); 40x
what is a hypothesis?
A hypothesis is a statement that can be tested
what is a prediction?
A logical statement about what will happen in an experiment if the hypothesis is supported.
cell wall
A rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane and provides support to the cell
Golgi body
A system of stacked, membrane-bounded sacs. The Golgi is involved in processing macromolecules for secretion and delivery to other components of the cell
what are the two types of electron microscopes?
transmission and scanning
Chromatin
Complex of the DNA and proteins in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell
difference between cheek, onion, and elodea cells
Elodea cells are more square and green and bigger. How do the onion and the Elodea cells compare to the cheek cells? The onion and Elodea cells are interconnected like a brick formation, whereas cheek cells are just overlapping and kind of near to each other. ... A cell wall, a nucleus, a cell membrane and a cytoplasm.
differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes
Eukaryotes have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles and are plant and animal cells Prokaryotes are mostly bacteria and do not have a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles
Granum
Group of stacked membrane bounded discs in chloroplasts. They contains chlorophylls and are the site of the light-trapping reactions in the photosynthesis
unit for temperature
Kelvin
King Henry Doesn't Usually Drink Chocolate Milk on a monday after 9 pm
Kilo, Hecto, Deka, Unit, Deci, Centi, Milli, micro, nano, pico
peroxisomes
Membrane-bounded vesicles that contain oxidative enzymes concerned with the generation and destruction of hydrogen peroxide, a molecule that would cause serious damage if it were released into the cytoplasm
Mitochondria
Powerplants of the cell as they are the site of aerobic respiration that combines oxygen with food molecules to generate ATP, an important energy containing molecule. Like chloroplast, mitochondria usually contain circular DNA that codes for some of the mitochondrial proteins. Ribosomes in mitochondria are smaller than those in the cytosol and of the same size as bacterial ribosomes
nuclear envelope
The double membrane structure that surrounds the nucleus and separates it from the rest of the cytoplasm it has nuclear pores that allow for communication between the nucleus and the cytoplasm
differences between onion and cheek cells
The main difference between onion cell and human cell is that the onion cell is a plant cell with a cell wall made up of cellulose whereas the human cheek cell is an animal cell without a cell wall. Furthermore, the onion cells are brick-like in shape while the human cheek cells are rounded.
dependent variable
The measurable effect, outcome, or response in which the research is interested.
chromoplast
a membrane bounded vacuole in some plant cells. Chromoplasts contain pigments and the latter are often orange-yellow cartenoids
middle lamella
a mucilaginous layer between plant cells with primary walls. The layer is rich in pectin
cytoplasm
all the material and organelles inside the plasma membrane and outside of the nucleus
centrioles
array of nine triplet microtubules found in animal cells and cells of most eukaryotic organisms that produce flagellate cells
Similar between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
both have vesicles, vacuoles, and the ability to carry out the eight functions of life
field of view
circle visible through the lens, the area you see when you look through the microscope
nuclear pores
openings in the nuclear envelope that allow for communication between the nucleus and the cytoplasm
endoplasmic reticulum
consists of flattened sheets, sacs, and tubes that extend through the cytoplasm. The sheets may be continuous with the outer membrane of the nuclear envelope. If the ER is studded with the ribosomes that are synthesizing protiens, it is called rough ER. in contrast, smooth ER lacks ribosomes and is involved in lipid synthesis
plasmodesmata
cytoplasmic connections between plant cells. Formed during mitosis at the cell plate as cell wall precursors condense
cytosol
everything in the cytoplasm other than the membrane-bounded organelles
inversion
images on the microscope are inverted (upside down and reversed)
stroma
interior space in a chloroplast it contains enzymes that are involved in the incorporation of CO2 into sugars
unit for volume
liter
total magnification
magnification of ocular/ eyepiece x magnification of objective
nucleoplasm
matrix of the nucleus, not including nucleolus and chromosomes
vacuoles
membrane bounded structure in the cytoplasm that may contain enzymes, crystals and dissolved materials. Animal cells have small vacuoles whereas plant cells characteristically have large vacuoles. plant vacuoles may store waste material but also help to maintain the shape of plants. If large amounts of water are removed from the vacuoles, wilting occurs
Lysosomes
membrane-bounded vesicles that contain enzymes involved in the digestion of foreign elements. conditions that result in the release of these enzymes into the cytoplasm may result in cell death
unit for distance
meters
parfocal
once the image is in focus with the lowest power, it should also be almost in focus with the higher power
chloroplast
organelle present in photosynthesizing, usually green, eukaryotic plant cells. They share several properties with mitochondria. they are bounded by two membranes, have circular DNA and bacteria; size ribosomes. The interior of a choroplast has an elaborate system of membranes that contain the photosynthetic apparatus. These membranes are called thykaloids and when they are stacked they are referred to as grana.
ribosomes
particles composed of RNA and protein that are involved with messenger RNA in the synthesis of proteins
difference between plant and animal cells
plant cells have chloroplasts and cell walls, while animal cells do not.
bacteria are
prokaryotes
steps of the scientific method
purpose, research, hypothesis, experiment, analysis, conclusion
centrosome
region close to the nucleus in eukaryotic cells. it is an area involved in the development of microtubules that are necessary for cell movements. Each pole of the spindle of a dividing nucleus would have a cnetrosome. In animal cells and most plants and fungi with motile cells, the centrosome contains a pair of centrioles.
nucleolus
site in the nucleus where ribosomes are synthesized
metric system
standard system of measurment for the sciences globally
primary cell wall
the cell wall produced outside of the plasma membrane of young and growing plant cells. These walls are elastic and allow for elongation and changes in shape. They contain mostly cellulose and hemicellulose
diameter of field
the length of the field from one edge to the other
plasma membrane
the outer boundary of the cell; also called the cell membrane. a sheet of lipid molecules (bilayer) with protiens embedded in it. the plasma mambrane controls movement of materials into and out of the cytoplasm
nucleus
this is the most conspicuous organelle in most cells. It is separates from the cytoplasm by the nuclear envelope that consists of an inner and outer membrane layer. nuclear pores in the envelope allow the nucleus to communicate with the cytoplasm. The nucleus contains most of the cells's genetic material in the DNA that makes up the chromatin fibers of the chromosomes. The nucleoleus and it is the site at which ribosomes are assembled.
electron microscopes
use electrons and magnets to produce an image of a cell
independent variable
variable that is manipulated
secondary cell wall
walls formed inside the primary cell wall when cells differentiate for some special function and lose that ability to grow or elongate. Conductive cells have secondary wall as do most of the cells in a woody plant. Secondary cell walls have lignins that resist decomposition and breakdown