Biology lab practical 1

How to convert Fahrenheit to Celsius

(F-32)/1.8

How to convert Celsius to Fahrenheit

-Multiply by 1.8 & add 32. Ex. 30 Celsius * 1.8 + 32 = 86 Fahrenheit

water freezes at

0 C and 32 F

100x

0.2 mm (0.178); 1000x

40x

0.4 mm (0.45); 400x

cell theory

1. cells are the basic unit of life 2. all living things are composed cells 3. cells come only from other cells

50 degrees Fahrenheit

10 degrees celcius

water boils at

100 degrees Celsius or 212 degrees Fahrenheit

77 Degrees Celsius

170.6

compound microscope

2 sets of lenses (ocular and objective) and light (from below) to view an object

objective 10x

2.0 mm (1.78); 100x

objective 4x

4.0 mm (4.45); 40x

what is a hypothesis?

A hypothesis is a statement that can be tested

what is a prediction?

A logical statement about what will happen in an experiment if the hypothesis is supported.

cell wall

A rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane and provides support to the cell

Golgi body

A system of stacked, membrane-bounded sacs. The Golgi is involved in processing macromolecules for secretion and delivery to other components of the cell

what are the two types of electron microscopes?

transmission and scanning

Chromatin

Complex of the DNA and proteins in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell

difference between cheek, onion, and elodea cells

Elodea cells are more square and green and bigger. How do the onion and the Elodea cells compare to the cheek cells? The onion and Elodea cells are interconnected like a brick formation, whereas cheek cells are just overlapping and kind of near to each other. ... A cell wall, a nucleus, a cell membrane and a cytoplasm.

differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes

Eukaryotes have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles and are plant and animal cells Prokaryotes are mostly bacteria and do not have a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles

Granum

Group of stacked membrane bounded discs in chloroplasts. They contains chlorophylls and are the site of the light-trapping reactions in the photosynthesis

unit for temperature

Kelvin

King Henry Doesn't Usually Drink Chocolate Milk on a monday after 9 pm

Kilo, Hecto, Deka, Unit, Deci, Centi, Milli, micro, nano, pico

peroxisomes

Membrane-bounded vesicles that contain oxidative enzymes concerned with the generation and destruction of hydrogen peroxide, a molecule that would cause serious damage if it were released into the cytoplasm

Mitochondria

Powerplants of the cell as they are the site of aerobic respiration that combines oxygen with food molecules to generate ATP, an important energy containing molecule. Like chloroplast, mitochondria usually contain circular DNA that codes for some of the mitochondrial proteins. Ribosomes in mitochondria are smaller than those in the cytosol and of the same size as bacterial ribosomes

nuclear envelope

The double membrane structure that surrounds the nucleus and separates it from the rest of the cytoplasm it has nuclear pores that allow for communication between the nucleus and the cytoplasm

differences between onion and cheek cells

The main difference between onion cell and human cell is that the onion cell is a plant cell with a cell wall made up of cellulose whereas the human cheek cell is an animal cell without a cell wall. Furthermore, the onion cells are brick-like in shape while the human cheek cells are rounded.

dependent variable

The measurable effect, outcome, or response in which the research is interested.

chromoplast

a membrane bounded vacuole in some plant cells. Chromoplasts contain pigments and the latter are often orange-yellow cartenoids

middle lamella

a mucilaginous layer between plant cells with primary walls. The layer is rich in pectin

cytoplasm

all the material and organelles inside the plasma membrane and outside of the nucleus

centrioles

array of nine triplet microtubules found in animal cells and cells of most eukaryotic organisms that produce flagellate cells

Similar between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

both have vesicles, vacuoles, and the ability to carry out the eight functions of life

field of view

circle visible through the lens, the area you see when you look through the microscope

nuclear pores

openings in the nuclear envelope that allow for communication between the nucleus and the cytoplasm

endoplasmic reticulum

consists of flattened sheets, sacs, and tubes that extend through the cytoplasm. The sheets may be continuous with the outer membrane of the nuclear envelope. If the ER is studded with the ribosomes that are synthesizing protiens, it is called rough ER. in contrast, smooth ER lacks ribosomes and is involved in lipid synthesis

plasmodesmata

cytoplasmic connections between plant cells. Formed during mitosis at the cell plate as cell wall precursors condense

cytosol

everything in the cytoplasm other than the membrane-bounded organelles

inversion

images on the microscope are inverted (upside down and reversed)

stroma

interior space in a chloroplast it contains enzymes that are involved in the incorporation of CO2 into sugars

unit for volume

liter

total magnification

magnification of ocular/ eyepiece x magnification of objective

nucleoplasm

matrix of the nucleus, not including nucleolus and chromosomes

vacuoles

membrane bounded structure in the cytoplasm that may contain enzymes, crystals and dissolved materials. Animal cells have small vacuoles whereas plant cells characteristically have large vacuoles. plant vacuoles may store waste material but also help to maintain the shape of plants. If large amounts of water are removed from the vacuoles, wilting occurs

Lysosomes

membrane-bounded vesicles that contain enzymes involved in the digestion of foreign elements. conditions that result in the release of these enzymes into the cytoplasm may result in cell death

unit for distance

meters

parfocal

once the image is in focus with the lowest power, it should also be almost in focus with the higher power

chloroplast

organelle present in photosynthesizing, usually green, eukaryotic plant cells. They share several properties with mitochondria. they are bounded by two membranes, have circular DNA and bacteria; size ribosomes. The interior of a choroplast has an elaborate system of membranes that contain the photosynthetic apparatus. These membranes are called thykaloids and when they are stacked they are referred to as grana.

ribosomes

particles composed of RNA and protein that are involved with messenger RNA in the synthesis of proteins

difference between plant and animal cells

plant cells have chloroplasts and cell walls, while animal cells do not.

bacteria are

prokaryotes

steps of the scientific method

purpose, research, hypothesis, experiment, analysis, conclusion

centrosome

region close to the nucleus in eukaryotic cells. it is an area involved in the development of microtubules that are necessary for cell movements. Each pole of the spindle of a dividing nucleus would have a cnetrosome. In animal cells and most plants and fungi with motile cells, the centrosome contains a pair of centrioles.

nucleolus

site in the nucleus where ribosomes are synthesized

metric system

standard system of measurment for the sciences globally

primary cell wall

the cell wall produced outside of the plasma membrane of young and growing plant cells. These walls are elastic and allow for elongation and changes in shape. They contain mostly cellulose and hemicellulose

diameter of field

the length of the field from one edge to the other

plasma membrane

the outer boundary of the cell; also called the cell membrane. a sheet of lipid molecules (bilayer) with protiens embedded in it. the plasma mambrane controls movement of materials into and out of the cytoplasm

nucleus

this is the most conspicuous organelle in most cells. It is separates from the cytoplasm by the nuclear envelope that consists of an inner and outer membrane layer. nuclear pores in the envelope allow the nucleus to communicate with the cytoplasm. The nucleus contains most of the cells's genetic material in the DNA that makes up the chromatin fibers of the chromosomes. The nucleoleus and it is the site at which ribosomes are assembled.

electron microscopes

use electrons and magnets to produce an image of a cell

independent variable

variable that is manipulated

secondary cell wall

walls formed inside the primary cell wall when cells differentiate for some special function and lose that ability to grow or elongate. Conductive cells have secondary wall as do most of the cells in a woody plant. Secondary cell walls have lignins that resist decomposition and breakdown