biology module 12

How long are each of the days of creation?

24 hours

Mesozoic Era

252 to 66 million years ago. age of reptiles. dinosaurs were the dominant animal life. first birds were thought to appear durning this time.

Paleozoic Era

542 to 251 million years ago. age of invertebrates then age of fishes then age of amphibians. the first plants emerged during this time

Answer the following question in 3-5 complete sentences: In order for a mutation to affect a population, what things need to happen?

A mutation is the only way an allele can be added to a population. For a mutation to affect a population, there must first be a mutation in the first place. Second, the mutation must occur in the reproductive cell. The third and final requirement is that is must be beneficial to a population, or it will not stick.

______ is the theory that under the proper conditions, life can arise spontaneously from non-living molecules.

Abiogenesis

The explanation "A certain variation or trait that allows the individual to survive better than other individuals." best matches with which main principle of natural selection?

Adaptation

______ is a feature that allows an organism to survive better in its environment.

Adaptation

________ is an inherited or learned trait that increases an organism's chance for survival.

Adaptation

______ is a measure of how common a certain allele is in the population.

Allele frequency

Answer the following prompt in 3-5 complete sentences: Evolutionists often point to ostrich wings and the appendix as structures that have little to no current use. They then cite this as evidence of evolution. In what ways are ostrich wings or the appendix still useful?

Although ostrich wings and the appendix are classified as vestigial structures, they do have functions. Ostrich wings, although they do not allow flight, help the ostrich balance while they are moving at high speeds. The appendix may not break down cellulose, however it does provide a space for helpful bacteria to live when there are dangerous pathogens near.

In this process humans would select animals or plants with a trait they desire then breed those organisms to produce more individuals with the desired traits.

Artificial selection

"The Cretaceous extinction event ended the age of the dinosaurs and began the age of mammals. Many species became extinct. The extinction of many groups allowed mammals and birds to greatly diversify so that large mammals and birds dominated the earth. The continents also moved into their current positions." These are characteristics of which era?

Cenozoic

__________ evolution is the process whereby organisms not closely related will evolve similar traits.

Convergent

This evolution is used to justify why unrelated species "evolve" similar characteristics like wings.

Convergent evolution

Because God is the ultimate designer, He determines what is right and wrong. More importantly, we are responsible to Him for our actions. Thankfully, according to Romans 10:13, everyone who calls on the name of the Lord will be saved. This in line with what worldview?

Creationism

Answer the following question in 3-5 complete sentences: What are the main scientific theories that influenced Darwin? Provide at least three scientific theories.

Darwin was mainly influenced by three scientists and their theories. One being Carolus Linnaeus, who created a classification system based on species and their similarities. Then, Darwin's grandfather Erasmus, who proposed that all living things descended from one common ancestor. The third, Jean-Baptists Lamark believed that all organisms strived for perfection, and changes in the environment would cause evolution and adaptation.

The explanation "Over time natural selection will result in species with adaptations that are beneficial for survival within a certain environment." best matches with which main principle of natural selection?

Decent with modification

It is through the exaggeration of this "evolution" that evolutionists claim that we evolved from apes.

Divergent evolution

The study of similar features of embryos in different organisms. It is a great way to study animal development, but it is not a proof of evolution.

Embryology

Step 3

Eventually, an event like earthquakes or a human digging will expose the fossils. Then scientists, such as paleontologists will transport the fossils to another location.

The process of biological change by which descendants differ from their ancestors.

Evolution

There should be no universal moral code that all people should adhere to. In this way everyone can create his or her own morality, then no one can judge the morality of others. This in line with what worldview?

Evolutionism

Environmental factors do not cause the genetic variation of a population and influence selection.

False

In 1980 there were only 5 individuals of the black robin population. Now, from those 5, there are over 230 members. As time progresses, new genetic information will be able to be added to the population.

False

There is a general increase in the amount of DNA as you move up the evolutionary tree of life.

False

Traits that negatively affect survival are more likely to be reproduced and are more common in the population.

False

While looking at the evolutionary tree of those mammals, there was a clear pattern of why the appendix developed or stopped developing.

False

Step 1

First, an organism will die/be buried in an area like a riverbed, where the sediments can rapidly bury the body. This could also happen if an organism dies in a flood, where water and sediments can quickly cover the bodies of the organism.

______ is the sum of all genetic traits in a population of individuals at a given time.

Gene pool

In fish, these turn into gills. Evolutionists claim that in mammals these turn into the ears and throats. Evolutionists claim this points to a common ancestor.

Gill slits

Answer the following prompt in 3-5 complete sentences: In your own words, explain what separates humans from animals?

Humans and animals are separated on many levels. First and foremost, Humans were designed by God to have a special purpose and mission. Another separation is that humans have a much different intelligence and ability level.

Answer the following prompt in 3-5 complete sentences: If creationism is true, what does that mean about our purpose?

If creationism is true, humans have a special purpose on this Earth. Humans are creative in many areas, are intelligent, and have morals. Humans were given the gift of self awareness and rational thought.

Answer the following prompt in 3-5 complete sentences: If evolution is true, what does that mean about our purpose?

If evolution is true and God's creationism is not, humans have no real purpose. In the evolution theory, humans are simply an evolution from apes and organisms. Through God, humans are given purpose, but with the evolution theory, there is no special purpose given to humans but to further evolve or survive.

Refers to the concept of large-scale evolution that occurs at the level of species and above.

Macroevolution

Answer the following prompt in 3-5 complete sentences: Why are there marine fossils in sedimentary layers over many of the continents?

Marine fossils being present in sedimentary layers over the continents aligns with Young Earth creationism. In the Bible, the story of Noah and the flood is told, the flood was said to have begun in the oceans. This is important because then the marine animals and their fossils would have been washed over the land and continents.

_____________ is a process by which organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive, reproduce, increase in number, and pass on traits to future generations.

Natural Selection

_________- This type of fossil is the result of when the water removes the original bones and tissues of the organism. This leaves just an impression in the sediment. Minerals can then recreate the original shape of the organism.

Natural cast

Survival of the fittest

Only the organisms that are the best suited to survive in their environment will reproduce and pass their traits, while other organisms that are not fit will not be able to reproduce.

Overproduction

Organisms can produce more offspring than can actually survive. Therefore they must compete against each other for resources.

Decent with modification

Over time, natural selection will result in species with adaptations that are beneficial for survival within a certain environment.

Step 2

Over time, pressure from the sediments will compress the body, and the minerals will slowly replace the structures such as bones.

"The earliest of the three geologic eras. Most rapid and widespread diversification of life began. Plants became widespread. First vertebrate animals colonized land." These are characteristics of which era?

Paleozoic

______- requires rapid burial in an area with water and sediments.

Permineralization

__________ are an expression of certain genes.

Phenotypes

______ is a contributing mechanism that works with natural selection by creating combinations of genes that nature selects for or against.

Recombination

Evolutionists give three types of anatomy structures that help support evolution. Which of the following is NOT one of the anatomy structures that support evolution?

Regional structures

____________ is the emergence of new species, occurs when a lineage has split into groups that can no longer naturally interbreed and produce fertile offspring, and/or are no longer genetically aligned.

Speciation

_____ are groups of organisms with the same genetic code that breed and produce offspring that can breed.

Species

The explanation "Only the organisms that are the best suited to survive in their environment will reproduce and pass their traits, while other organisms that are not fit will not be able to reproduce." best matches with which main principle of natural selection?

Survival of the fittest

This theory basically states that an early cell attempted to eat a bacterium but was unable to digest it. This bacterium evolved as mitochondria and became a cell organelle.

The Endosymbiotic Theory

_______ is when genetic drift occurs after a population has been greatly reduced in size. The survivors of a disaster will begin the new genetic makeup of the population.

The bottleneck effect

_______ is when genetic drift occurs after a few small individuals have begun to live in a new area.

The founder effect

________ - This type of fossil is a record of the activity of an organism. Imprints of leaves or footprints are examples of this type of fossils.

Trace fossils

_____ - a fossil that acts as a "missing link" between two different families or species.

Transition fossil

Darwin theorized that the forces seen today in the biologic world such as reproduction, inheritance, and competition gradually produced the whole diversity of life on Earth.

True

Genetic variations within a population for a given trait can arise through mutations, gene flow, and sexual reproduction.

True

If we all have forearms that are from a common ancestor, then the genetic system that codes for the development should all be the same as well. In actuality, the homologous (same) structures are often produced by non-homologous (different) genetic systems.

True

Organisms of one species can arrive on an island chain together and then disperse throughout the chain, each settling into different niches and using different food resources to reduce competition.

True

To prove transition between scales and feathers there would need to be an intermediate (missing link) fossil between a scale and a feather.

True

Young-earth creationists believe that about 2,300-3,300 years before Christ, the surface of the earth was radically rearranged by Noah's Flood.

True

________ is the difference in the physical traits of an individual from those of other individuals in the group that it belongs.

Variation

Adaptation

a certain variation or trait that allows the individual to survive better than other individuals.

Analogous structures

are structures that perform a similar function but are not similar in "evolutionary" origin.

Vestigial structures

as organs or structures that are greatly reduced from the original ancestor form and have little to no current use.

A ______ is a hypothesized evolutionary relationship between various types of animals.

cladogram

There are characteristics of humans that set us apart from other animals. We can be creative, communicate our thoughts, and we are capable of rational thought and self-awareness. Humans are able to communicate their thoughts, emotions, and ideas more than any animal. We have evolved certain traits to help us hunt and gather food and plan to survive and reproduce. This in line with what worldview?

creationsim

Natural selection _______ genetic information regarding a population.

deletes

Carolus Linnaeus

developed a new classification system for organizing plants and animals based upon their similarities.

______ claim that after the big bang, dust and particles spread out from a single spot. Eventually our solar system formed from a cloud of dust and gas called a nebula.

evolutionist

_________ is the permanent loss of species from earth. This has happened to the mammoths and the dodo.

extinction

When God gave Moses the Law, people began to see they were able to measure up to God's standard of perfection on their own.

false

Young-earth creationists believe that the creation days of Genesis 1 were ambiguous and took place for thousands/millions of years.

false

Homologous structures

features that are similar in structure but appear in different organisms and appear to have different functions

______ are the preserved remains or evidence of a species from the past.

fossils

______ is any movement of genes from one population to another.

gene flow

Cenozoic Era

mammals become the dominant form of animal life. flowering plants were the dominant form of plant life. man appeared late in this era

Precambrian Era

over 4.6 billion years ago. simple multicellular organisms such as sponges and worms were numerous. the first protists(one celled organisms) appeared

Erasmus Darwin

proposed that all living things were descended from a common ancestor.

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck

proposed that all organisms evolved towards perfection and complexity. Lamarck proposed that a change in the environment may lead to a change in the structures of an organism.

What did God do on the 7th day?

rested

Because of Adam's disobedience and because we have all sinned personally, we are all deserving of death.

true

Creationists use the Bible as their foundation and interpret scientific evidence through a biblical lens. The evolutionists use materialism and man's word as their foundation and interpret evidence through the changing word of man.

true

If we believe God's Word about the Flood, then we should reject the theory of millions of years.

true

In order to go from one kind of animal to another, new genetic information must be added.

true

Murder and lying are wrong. Morals and laws are given by those in charge. Christians know that there are indeed absolutes. God's character and moral standards do not change.

true

Natural selection merely redistributes or reduces preexisting genetic information, and mutations often corrupt the information.

true

Our community with others and our ability to logically reason are what separate us from animals. These exact characteristics, the ability to reason, and to be with others in fellowship, are characteristics of God's nature that was endowed in humans when we were created in his image.

true

Simple organic molecules, such as amino acids are needed to produce proteins, the building blocks of life.

true

The unequal ability of individuals to survive and reproduce leads to the gradual change in a population.

true

We are responsible for our actions and accountable to our Creator if we break His commands.

true

When observing the world around us, all scientists have the same evidence (bones, rocks, fossils, and nature). The only difference is the scientist worldview.

true

The wings of an ostrich are one example of a ________.

vestigial structure

Nonsense Mutation

when a dna sequence stops making a complete protein product because of a mutation. these always hurt the organism and are very rare

Missense Mutation

when the change in dna does cause a change in expression. this type of mutation can help or hurt an organism

Silent Mutation

when the change in dna does not cause a change in expression. this will have no effect on natural selection

A (an) _____________ is how we explain and interpret the world around us and how we apply this to our life.

worldview

A ___________ is the core set of beliefs that impact how we view, understand, and respond to everything that we observe and experience in this world.

worldview