Biology - Plant Unit

What are the two stages in the plant life cycle?

Sporophyte, gametophyte

What is the shoot system made of?

Stems and leaves

What does the epidermis contain?

Stomata

What are the advantages of seed plants over seedless plants?

Stored food in seed, spread easily by animals

What covers the outside of a leaf?

Structure called a cuticle

What are the three main functions of the roots?

Supply plants with water and dissolved materials; hold plant securely to the ground; store surplus food made during photosynthesis

What are the two types of root?

Taproot and fibrous root

How many stages do mosses have in their life cycle?

2

How high do ferns grow?

24 meters/72 feet

What is a petal?

A ring of brightly colored leaf-shaped parts of a flower

What surrounds the sporophyte?

A seed

What does a fertilized egg develop into?

A young sporophyte in the female cone

When does a seed form?

After fertilization

What are the four plant characteristics?

All perform photosynthesis, all contain cuticles, all have cell walls, all reproduce

Coal is formed from what?

Ancient ferns, horsetails, and club mosses

What does phloem do?

Conducts food from leaves to plant

What are the most common type of gymnosperms?

Conifers

What are the functions of the stem?

Connect a plant's roots to its leaves and flowers; Support the plant body; transport materials between the root system and the shoot system; some stems store materials

What do female gametophytes produce?

Eggs

What are some examples of vascular plants?

Ferns, horsetail, and club mosses

What are angiosperms?

Flowering seed plants

What do angiosperms produce?

Flowers and fruits

What is nectar?

Fluid that contains sugar

Where do ferns grow?

From the cold arctic to warm tropical forests

Define conifer

Greek word for "cone-bearing"

What are the two types of vascular plants that produce seeds called?

Gymnosperms, angiosperms

What is the importance of seedless vascular plants?

Help form soil, help prevent soil erosion

What are the types of stems?

Herbaceous and woody

What are the stems in horsetails like?

Hollow and make of silica (sand)

When will the seed grow?

If the conditions are right

How do mosses live?

In large groups

Where are male gametophytes found?

In pollen

Where is the cell wall found? What does it do?

Lie outside the cell membrane, and keep the plant upright

What are examples of nonvascular plants?

Liverworts, hornworts, and mosses

What does pollen contain?

Sperm

What are the two types of angiosperms?

Monocots and dicots

What do flowers produce?

Nectar

Are club mosses actually mosses?

No

What are gymnosperms?

Nonflowering seed plants (like pine trees)

What are the two groups of plants that do not make seeds?

Nonvascular plants, seedless flowering plants

What is the transfer of pollen called?

Pollination

What are leaves on cacti designed to do?

Protect the plant

What does xylem do?

Provides support, conducts water and nutrients from roots

Flowers help angiosperms do what?

Reproduce

What do liverworts and hornworts both have?

Rhizoids

What is the root system made of?

Roots

What did early settlers use horsetail for?

Scouring pans

What are characteristics of seed plants?

Seed plants produce seeds; Seeds nourish and protect young sporophytes; Gametophytes of seed plants are tiny; Gametophytes form within the reproductive structures of the sporophyte; Sperm of seed plants form inside pollen; Pollen is transported by wind or animals.

What are characteristics of gymnosperms?

Seed plants that do not have flowers or fruit, seed is usually protected by a cone

What are the 3 groups plants are divided into?

Seedless plants, nonflowering seed plants, and flowering seed plants

What are the basic parts of flowers?

Sepal , petal, stamen, pistil

Stems vary in what?

Shape and size

What do nonvascular plants lack?

Specialized conducting tissues to move water and nutrients and water through the plant. They also lack true roots, stems, and leaves.

What is a pistil?

The female reproductive system; it consists of a stigma, style, ovary. Pistil is where the seed forms

What is a stamen?

The male reproductive structure; it consists of a filament and an anther

What does the epidermis cover?

The surface of the root

Define cuticle

The waxy layer that coats most of the surfaces of plants that are exposed to air. A cuticle keeps the plant from drying out.

What is important about gymnosperms?

They are used in building materials, paper products, pine trees produce resin (which is used to make soap, turpentine, paint, and ink), produce drugs to fight allergies and cancer, popular as ornamental trees (Christmas trees)

What are monocots?

They have one cotyledon (seed leaf) ex: grasses, onions, lilies

What are dicots?

They have two cotyledons ex: sunflowers, peanuts, peas

How do flowers help seeds?

They surround and protect the seed

What is a flowers purpose?

To attract insects

What is the function of leaves?

To make food for the plant

True or false, conifers have male and female cones

True

How are plants classified?

Vascular and nonvascular

What do club mosses have?

Vascular trees

What are horsetails used for?

Vitamins, shampoos, and hair products

Where do horsetails grow?

Wet climates

What does a plant's root system and shoot system provide?

What it needs to survive

When does fertilization occur?

When the sperm and egg are joined

What are the three ways in which fruit seeds spread?

Wind, animals eating fruit and dispersing the seed in waste, sticking to animal fur

What are the two kinds of vascular tissue?

Xylem, Phloem

What are nonvascular plant characteristics?

do not have true roots, stems, or leaves; must get their water from the environment; live in damp places

How do the mosses reproduce?

fertilized egg grows into a sporophyte; sporophyte releases spores into the air; spores land in moist place, and grow into leafy gametophytes; sperm swim through water from the male to fertilize the egg at the top of the female gametophyte.

What does the root cap do?

hard surface that protects the tip of the root

What does the root hair do?

increases the surface area of the root

What are mosses made of?

leafy green stalks and rhizoids

What is a taproot?

one main root; smaller roots branch from the larger root can reach water deep down.

What do guard cells do?

open and close stomata

What happens in the sporophyte stage?

plants make spores; spores grow into gametophyte

What does a cuticle do?

prevents water loss from the leaf

What happens in the gametophyte stage?

produce sperm and eggs; Fertilized egg grows into a sporophyte.

What is a woody stem?

rigid stems made of wood and bark; growing periods show up in rings; Plant becomes dormant in the winter.

Define rhizoid

rootlike structure that holds nonvascular plants in place and helps get water and nutrients.

What is fibrous root?

several roots that spread from the base of the stem. roots are usually the same size. gets water from close to the soil surface.

What is a herbaceous stem?

stems are soft, thin, and flexible

What is the sepal?

the outermost ring of modified leaves whose function is to protect the bud)

What is the difference between liverwort and hornwort vs mosses

the shapes of the leaves of the gametophytes are different

What are stomata?

tiny openings that let CO2 enter leaf

What are the three important points of nonvascular plants?

usually the first plants in a new environment; form a thin layer of soil when they die; new plants can grow in this soil

What are the 3 parts of a plant?

young plant called the sporophyte embryo; stored food in cotyledon; seed coat that surrounds and protects seed.