Biology - Plant Unit
What are the two stages in the plant life cycle?
Sporophyte, gametophyte
What is the shoot system made of?
Stems and leaves
What does the epidermis contain?
Stomata
What are the advantages of seed plants over seedless plants?
Stored food in seed, spread easily by animals
What covers the outside of a leaf?
Structure called a cuticle
What are the three main functions of the roots?
Supply plants with water and dissolved materials; hold plant securely to the ground; store surplus food made during photosynthesis
What are the two types of root?
Taproot and fibrous root
How many stages do mosses have in their life cycle?
2
How high do ferns grow?
24 meters/72 feet
What is a petal?
A ring of brightly colored leaf-shaped parts of a flower
What surrounds the sporophyte?
A seed
What does a fertilized egg develop into?
A young sporophyte in the female cone
When does a seed form?
After fertilization
What are the four plant characteristics?
All perform photosynthesis, all contain cuticles, all have cell walls, all reproduce
Coal is formed from what?
Ancient ferns, horsetails, and club mosses
What does phloem do?
Conducts food from leaves to plant
What are the most common type of gymnosperms?
Conifers
What are the functions of the stem?
Connect a plant's roots to its leaves and flowers; Support the plant body; transport materials between the root system and the shoot system; some stems store materials
What do female gametophytes produce?
Eggs
What are some examples of vascular plants?
Ferns, horsetail, and club mosses
What are angiosperms?
Flowering seed plants
What do angiosperms produce?
Flowers and fruits
What is nectar?
Fluid that contains sugar
Where do ferns grow?
From the cold arctic to warm tropical forests
Define conifer
Greek word for "cone-bearing"
What are the two types of vascular plants that produce seeds called?
Gymnosperms, angiosperms
What is the importance of seedless vascular plants?
Help form soil, help prevent soil erosion
What are the types of stems?
Herbaceous and woody
What are the stems in horsetails like?
Hollow and make of silica (sand)
When will the seed grow?
If the conditions are right
How do mosses live?
In large groups
Where are male gametophytes found?
In pollen
Where is the cell wall found? What does it do?
Lie outside the cell membrane, and keep the plant upright
What are examples of nonvascular plants?
Liverworts, hornworts, and mosses
What does pollen contain?
Sperm
What are the two types of angiosperms?
Monocots and dicots
What do flowers produce?
Nectar
Are club mosses actually mosses?
No
What are gymnosperms?
Nonflowering seed plants (like pine trees)
What are the two groups of plants that do not make seeds?
Nonvascular plants, seedless flowering plants
What is the transfer of pollen called?
Pollination
What are leaves on cacti designed to do?
Protect the plant
What does xylem do?
Provides support, conducts water and nutrients from roots
Flowers help angiosperms do what?
Reproduce
What do liverworts and hornworts both have?
Rhizoids
What is the root system made of?
Roots
What did early settlers use horsetail for?
Scouring pans
What are characteristics of seed plants?
Seed plants produce seeds; Seeds nourish and protect young sporophytes; Gametophytes of seed plants are tiny; Gametophytes form within the reproductive structures of the sporophyte; Sperm of seed plants form inside pollen; Pollen is transported by wind or animals.
What are characteristics of gymnosperms?
Seed plants that do not have flowers or fruit, seed is usually protected by a cone
What are the 3 groups plants are divided into?
Seedless plants, nonflowering seed plants, and flowering seed plants
What are the basic parts of flowers?
Sepal , petal, stamen, pistil
Stems vary in what?
Shape and size
What do nonvascular plants lack?
Specialized conducting tissues to move water and nutrients and water through the plant. They also lack true roots, stems, and leaves.
What is a pistil?
The female reproductive system; it consists of a stigma, style, ovary. Pistil is where the seed forms
What is a stamen?
The male reproductive structure; it consists of a filament and an anther
What does the epidermis cover?
The surface of the root
Define cuticle
The waxy layer that coats most of the surfaces of plants that are exposed to air. A cuticle keeps the plant from drying out.
What is important about gymnosperms?
They are used in building materials, paper products, pine trees produce resin (which is used to make soap, turpentine, paint, and ink), produce drugs to fight allergies and cancer, popular as ornamental trees (Christmas trees)
What are monocots?
They have one cotyledon (seed leaf) ex: grasses, onions, lilies
What are dicots?
They have two cotyledons ex: sunflowers, peanuts, peas
How do flowers help seeds?
They surround and protect the seed
What is a flowers purpose?
To attract insects
What is the function of leaves?
To make food for the plant
True or false, conifers have male and female cones
True
How are plants classified?
Vascular and nonvascular
What do club mosses have?
Vascular trees
What are horsetails used for?
Vitamins, shampoos, and hair products
Where do horsetails grow?
Wet climates
What does a plant's root system and shoot system provide?
What it needs to survive
When does fertilization occur?
When the sperm and egg are joined
What are the three ways in which fruit seeds spread?
Wind, animals eating fruit and dispersing the seed in waste, sticking to animal fur
What are the two kinds of vascular tissue?
Xylem, Phloem
What are nonvascular plant characteristics?
do not have true roots, stems, or leaves; must get their water from the environment; live in damp places
How do the mosses reproduce?
fertilized egg grows into a sporophyte; sporophyte releases spores into the air; spores land in moist place, and grow into leafy gametophytes; sperm swim through water from the male to fertilize the egg at the top of the female gametophyte.
What does the root cap do?
hard surface that protects the tip of the root
What does the root hair do?
increases the surface area of the root
What are mosses made of?
leafy green stalks and rhizoids
What is a taproot?
one main root; smaller roots branch from the larger root can reach water deep down.
What do guard cells do?
open and close stomata
What happens in the sporophyte stage?
plants make spores; spores grow into gametophyte
What does a cuticle do?
prevents water loss from the leaf
What happens in the gametophyte stage?
produce sperm and eggs; Fertilized egg grows into a sporophyte.
What is a woody stem?
rigid stems made of wood and bark; growing periods show up in rings; Plant becomes dormant in the winter.
Define rhizoid
rootlike structure that holds nonvascular plants in place and helps get water and nutrients.
What is fibrous root?
several roots that spread from the base of the stem. roots are usually the same size. gets water from close to the soil surface.
What is a herbaceous stem?
stems are soft, thin, and flexible
What is the sepal?
the outermost ring of modified leaves whose function is to protect the bud)
What is the difference between liverwort and hornwort vs mosses
the shapes of the leaves of the gametophytes are different
What are stomata?
tiny openings that let CO2 enter leaf
What are the three important points of nonvascular plants?
usually the first plants in a new environment; form a thin layer of soil when they die; new plants can grow in this soil
What are the 3 parts of a plant?
young plant called the sporophyte embryo; stored food in cotyledon; seed coat that surrounds and protects seed.