Biology Section 7.2

Cell wall

A strong supporting layer around the membrane.

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

An internal membrane system; it is where lipid components of the cell membrane are assembled, along with proteins and other materials that are exported from the cell.

Golgi apparatus

An organelle; these appear as a stack of flattened membranes.

Ribosome

Are Small particles of RNA and protein found throughout the cytoplasm in all cells. They also produce proteins by following instructions from the DNA.

What are the functions of chloroplasts and mitochondria?

Chloroplasts capture the energy from sunlight and convert it into food that contains chemical energy in a process called photosynthesis. Mitochondria convert the chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cell use.

Cytoskeleton

Eukaryotic cells are given their shape and internal organization by network of protein filaments.

Cytoplasm

Is the portion of the cell outside the nucleus.

Centriole

Located near the nucleus and help organize cell division.

What organelles help make and transport proteins?

Proteins are assembled on ribosomes. Proteins made on the rough ER include those that will be released, ore secreted, from the cells as well as many membrane proteins and proteins destined for lysosomes and other specialized locations within the cell. The Golgi apparatus modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and other materials from the endoplasmic reticulum for storage locations within the cell.

Lysosome

Small organelles filled with enzymes.

Organelle

Structures that act like specialized structures.

Chloroplast

The biological equivalents of solar power plants.

What is the function of the cell membrane?

The cell membrane regulates what enters and leaves the cell and also protects and supports the cell.

What is the role of the cell nucleus?

The nucleus contains nearly all of the cell's DNA and, with it, the coded instructions for making proteins and other important molecules.

Mitochondrion

The power plants of the cell.

Selectively permeable (or semipermeable membranes)

These are biological membranes (some substances can pass across them and others cannot).

Lipid bilayer

This gives sell membranes a flexible structure that forms a strong barrier between the cells and its surroundings.

What are the functions of vacuoles, lysosomes, and the cytoskeleton?

Vacuoles store materials like water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates. Lysosomes break down lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins into small molecules that can be used by the rest of the cell. They are also involved in breaking down organelles that have outlived their usefulness. The cytoskeleton helps the cell maintain its shape and is also involved in movement.

Vacuole

large, saclike, membrane-enclosed structures contained in cells.