biology semester 1

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Do the chemicals that digest nutrients in the stomach work in an acidic or basic environment? Explain.

...

which has the chemical formula of a molecule that has the structural formula O----C-----O

CO2

explain how the variety of organic compounds would be different if carbon had seven electrons in its outermost energy level instead of four.

Carbon would not be as eager to get more electrons with 7 in its outermost energy level because it is almost stable.

produces a greatly magnified image of internal detail

TEM

what is the pH scale, and what does its range values mean?

The pH scale was created by scientists to compare hydronium ions and hydroxide. The scale compares the concentration of both. The scale ranges from 0-14. 0 to 7 is an acid and 7 to 14 is a base. Seven is neutral on the scale.

true/false Elements tend to undergo chemical reactions that decrease their stability.

false

true/false Exergonic reactions involve a net absorption of energy.

false

true/false Free hydrogen ions can react with water molecules and form a positively charged with ion, the hydrogen ion.

false

true/false Functional groups are groups of carbon compounds that give specific properties to these compounds.

false

true/false In comparison to other liquids, water cools down very quickly.

false

true/false Isomers have identical structural formulas.

false

true/false Organic compounds are derived from nonliving things.

false

true/false Temperature fluctuations in the cell are minimized as a result of the adhesive property of water.

false

true/false The burning of paper is an endergonic reaction.

false

true/false The linkage of an enzyme to its substrate probably strengthens the chemical bonds of the substrate.

false

true/false The pull of gravity on an object gives the object the property of mass.

false

true/false activation energy is the energy released during a chemical reaction.

false

true/false buffers can neutralize acids, but they do not affect bases.

false

true/false most elements are stable if their outermost energy level contains an even number of electrons.

false

true/false the atomic number of carbon is 6, so it must have 12 electrons.

false

true/false the central core of the atom is called the proton.

false

true/false the hydrocarbon end of a fatty acid molecule is hydrophilic.

false

true/false the number of protons in an atom's nucleus is the mass number.

false

true/false when an enzyme binds with its substrate, the activation energy needed for the chemical reaction to occur is raised.

false

true/fasle scientists have identified all species of organisms on earth.

false

when two carbohydrates monomers join, a dipeptide results.

false

ability to cause change or do work:

free energy

in most multicellular organisms, cells and groups of cells are organized by their:

function

which of the following is a heterotroph? a)pine tree b)grass c) tulip d)fungus

fungus

the state of matter in which particles move most rapidly:

gas

the highest level of organization within the organism is the:

organ system

carbon-containing compounds are classified as:

organic

constructing a graph is an example of:

organizing data

in multicellular organisms, tissues are organized into:

organs

loss of an electron

oxidation

loss of electrons from a molecule is called:

oxidation

a carbohydrate consists solely of atoms of hydrogen,carbon,and:

oxygen

true/false when pure water dissociates, it contains an equal number of hydroxide ions and hydronium ions

true

true/false without enzymes, chemical reactions necessary for life would not occur at a rate sufficient to sustain life.

true

triglycerides that are liquid at room temperature are called:

unsaturated

one limitation of the scanning electron microscope is that it cannot be used to:

view living specimens

an example of a compound is:

water

liquid in an aqueous solution:

water

most common solvent in cells:

water

the study of life is called

biology

photosynthesis is the process by which plants capture the energy of the:

sun

list the six major characteristics of living things

1. homeostasis 2. growth 3. energy use 4. reproduction 5. cells 6. organization

a microscope with a 10x ocular lens and a 25x objective lens that has a total magnification power of:

250x

the ratio of hydrogen to oxygen atoms in a carbohydrate is:

2:1

the atomic number of carbon is 6. Therefore, the number of protons in carbon is:

6

The maximum number of electrons that can be held in an atom's second energy level.

8

define scientific sampling and list the two conditions for it to be most accurate

A sample is a small part used to represent an entire population. For the sample to be accurate, you must have a large,random selection.

what are the relative number of H3O and OH ions in an acidic, an alkaline,and a neutral solution?

Acidic has more H3O ions than OH. Alkaline has more OH and H3O. Neutral has equal number of H3O and OH ions.

all organic compounds contain the element:

C

when water dissociates, it forms:

H ions and OH ions

a female frog has a genetic trait that prevents it from producing eggs. How likely is that this trait will spread through the frog population?Explain.

It is very unlikely the female frog's genetic trait will be spread through the frog population because it is not hereditary to the frog population. However, the trait will be passed through the female frog's family.

What is the difference between magnification and resolution of a microscope?

Magnification is making the image larger and resolution is making the image clearer.

what is the difference between mass and weight?

Mass is the quantity of matter an object has, while weight is the pull of gravity on an object.

Define: Natural Selection

Natural selection is when the females choose males that have more favorable traits, who are more likely to survive.

The atomic number of neon is 10. Will neon tend to form bonds with other elements? Explain.

No, neon will not tend to form bonds with either elements because it is already stable.

What are quantitative data? Give two examples of quantitative data.

Quantitative data is data that is always represented by a number. One example would be to contract a survey at how many people like cheese pizza then you would have a number as your data. Another example would be two people racing and you use their times as data.

produces greatly magnified images of surface details

SEM

Describe the structure of a water molecule, and explain how the electrical charge is distributed over the molecule.

There are 3 atoms. There is one negative oxygen atom and 2 hydrogen atoms with a positive charge.

A group of scientists wants to determine whether the bacteria they are studying have viruses inside them. Which type of microscope should they use? Explain

They should use a TEM (Transmission Electron Microscope) because it produces a greatly magnified image of internal detail.

Toads that live in hot,dry regions bury themselves in the soil during the day. How might this be important to the toad? Explain

This is important to the toad because the soil is cool so burying themselves in soil keeps them from overheating.

true/false Bases tend to have a sour taste, while acids tend to have a bitter taste.

false

long fatty acid chains joined to long alcohol chains form the type of lipid called:

a wax

which organic molecules below is most closely related to proteins? a)amino acids b)CH2 chains c)nucleotides d)sugars

a)amino acids

nonliving things grow by:

accumulating more of the material they are made of.

what are aqueous solutions containing a high concentration of hydronium ions called?

acids

term for energy required to begin a reaction:

activation energy

attractive force between unliked particles

adhesion

the attraction between water molecules and molecules of solid surfaces is known as:

adhesion

a solution with a pH above 7 is:

alkaline

biology is the study of:

all living things

monomer of proteins

amino acid

a polypeptide is formed from the bonding of three or more:

amino acids

list two characteristics of acids and two characteristics of bases.

an acid ranges from 0 to 7 on a pH scale and has a sour taste. a base ranges from 7-14 on a pH scale and has a bitter taste.

describe how an enzyme can function in speeding up a chemical reaction within a cell.

an enzyme reduces activation energy and in return speeding up a chemical reaction.

most enzymes:

are sensitive to changes in temperature or pH

simplest part of an element

atom

Explain why atoms made up of charged particles have electrical charges of zero.

atoms made up of charged particles has an electrical charge of zero because there are the same number of protons and electrons, therefore cancelling each other out leaving the atom with a charge of zero.

an organisms that makes its own food

autotroph

organisms that acquire energy by making their own food are called:

autotrophic

all of the following are examples of carbohydrates except: a)sugar b)cellulose c)steroids d)glycogen

b)cellulose

which of the following describes what an adaption is? a)piece of DNA b)favorable trait c) complex response d) group of organisms

b)favorable trait

which of the following is not an organic marcomolecule? a)carbohydrate b)ice c)lipid d)nucleic acid

b)ice

every chemical reaction involves a: a)change in the state of matter in the reactants b)transfer of energy from one form to another c)net release of free energy d)transfer of electrons between atoms

b)transfer of energy from one form to another

of the following steps in a scientific investigation, the last to be done is usually: a)experimenting b)observing c)producing a model d)hypothesizing

c)producing a model

of the following elements, the one that is most likely to form ionic bonds is: a)hydrogen b)carbon c)sodium d)oxygen

c)sodium

a hypothesis is a statement that:

can be tested

the ability of water to spread through find pores is known as:

capillarity

Polysaccharides are:

carbohydrates

the smallest particle of matter that can retain the chemical properties of carbon is a(n):

carbon atom

arrange the following in size, from the smallest to the largest: polymer, carbon atom, monomer, macromolecule

carbon atom monomer polymer macromolecule

the orderly formation of new cells from a parent cell:

cell division

the polysaccharide that strengthens plant cells is called:

cellulose

Explain why water tends to form large, round drops as it falls down from a faucet with a slow leak.

cohesion

attraction force between like particles

cohesion

the attraction and bonding of water molecules with one another is called:

cohesion

the phenomenon by which water molecules bond with one another is called:

cohesion

pure substance composed of two or more elements

compound

a measurement of the amount of solute dissolved in a fixed amount of solution is called:

concentration

the formation of polymers from monomers occurs as the result of:

condensation

forms large molecules from smaller ones

condensation reaction

an experiment in which two groups differ by only one factor is called:

controlled

the bond formed when two atoms share a pair of electrons is called a:

covalent bond

which of the following is the fundamental unit matter? a) molecule b)neutron c)element d)atom

d)atom

which of the following steps in the scientific investigation is usually taken first? a)experimenting b)communicating c)analyzing d)hypothesizing

d)hypothesizing

which of the following is a carbohydrate? a)DNA b)insulin c)wax d)sucrose

d)sucrose

which organic molecule below is classified as a carbohydrate? a)amino acids b)CH2 chains c)nucleotides d)sugars

d)sugars

the process by which an adult organism arises is called:

development

as the cells in a multicellular organism multiply, they become different from each other,called:

differentiation

science that studies the interaction of organisms and their environment:

ecology

the study of the interactions of organisms with one another and with the environment is called:

ecology

a substance that is composed of only one type of atom is called a(n):

element

pure substances that cannot be broken down

element

absorbs free energy

endergonic reaction

to maintain their internal organization, all living things must have a constant supply of:

energy

proteins that act as catalysts are called:

enzymes

reduce activation energy is needed:

enzymes

a theory that species change over time is called:

evolution

releases free energy

exergonic reaction

true/false A light microscope has greater magnification and resolving powers than an electron microscope.

false

true/false In a scientific investigation, experimenting generally precedes the steps of hypothesizing and predicting.

false

true/false Many nonliving things display greater organization than to the structures found in living things.

false

true/false enzymes speed up a chemical reaction by increasing the activation energy of the reaction.

false

true/false An atom's mass number and atomic number are the same.

false

a short segment of DNA that contains instructions for an organism's traits is known as a:

gene

monomer of many polysaccharides

glucose

animals store glucose-containing fragments in the form of:

glycogen

atoms that have gained energy:

have electrons that move to higher energy levels

an organism that must take in food

heterotroph

the stable internal environment maintained by living things is called:

homeostasis

a lipid is composed of the elements carbon, oxygen,:

hydrogen

breaks large molecules into smaller ones

hydrolysis

the breakdown of polymers into monomers occurs as the result of:

hydrolysis

the formation of ADP and inorganic molecules from ATP and water is an example of:

hydrolysis

one of the two ions that form when water dissociates:

hydronium

a statement that explains observations and can be tested is called a(n):

hypothesis

compounds that are derived from nonliving things are called:

inorganic

the hormone that regulates the body's amount of blood sugar is called:

insulin

Reduction- Oxidation reactions:

involve a transfer of electrons between atoms

what an atom with an electrical charge is called:

ion

what type of bond is based on the electrical attraction between oppositely charged particles?

ionic

a field biologist who studies the behavior of birds in a rain forest most likely collects data through:

observing

the SI prefix that represents 1,000 times the base unit is:

kilo

Arrange the following parts in the order that matches the light path through a light microscope: specimen,ocular lens,objective lens, body tube,light source

light source objective lens body tube specimen ocular lens

in an electron microscope, an electron beam is focused by:

magnets

increase of an object's apparent size

magnification

what is anything that has mass and occupies space?

matter

sum of all chemical processes of an organism

metabolism

the sum of all the chemical processes that occur in an organism is called:

metabolism

the base unit for length in the Systeme International d'Unites is the:

meter

a visual,verbal,or mathematical explanation that is supported by date is called a(n);

model

particle composed of one or more atoms

molecule

each unit of a polymer is called:

monomer

organism that are composed of more than one cell are called:

multicellular

the most important driving force in evolution is:

natural selection

the side of the water molecule containing oxygen has a charge that is slightly:

negative

nonpolar molecules have:

no negative or positive poles

which of the following characteristics of water is not a result of hydrogen bonding. a)adhesion b)capillarity c)cohesion d)non of the above

none of the above

Lipids are:

nonpolar molecules

monomer of nucleic acids

nucleotide

the lens closest to the specimen on a light microscope is called:

objective lens

the scientific process that involves using the five senses is:

observation

molecules that are attracted to water are said to be:

polar

a molecule that has a partial positive charge on one side and a partial negative charge on the other is a:

polar molecule

water is very effective at dissolving polar substances because of its:

polarity

compounds consisting of repeated linked units are known as:

polymers

stating in advance the result that may be obtained from testing a hypothesis is called:

prediction

the skin of animals is made primarily of:

protein

long chains of amino acids are found in:

proteins

muscles are made up of mostly of:

proteins

gain of an electron

reduction

data that are quantitative are always:

represented by numbers

production if offspring

reproduction

capability of showing clear details

resolution

the ability of a microscope to show details more clearly is called:

resolution

a small part used to represent en entire population is called a:

sample

term for a solution in which no additional solid will dissolve:

saturated

the SI base unit for time is the:

second

the combining of genetic information from two individuals to produce offspring is called:

sexual reproduction

the type of reproduction involving egg and sperm:

sexual reproduction

the first living organism on earth was probably a:

single cell

of the following elements, the one that is most likely to form ionic bonds is:

sodium

which state of matter contains particles that are tightly linked together in a definite shape

solid

a substance dissolved in a solution is called a:

solute

substance that dissolves in another:

solute

the concentration of a solution is the measurement of the amount of:

solute dissolved in a solution

homeostasis refer to the:

stable internal conditions

plants store glucose in the form of a polysaccharide called:

starch

C6H12O6 is an example of a molecular formula for a:

sugar

water is important to life because it:

surrounds all cells is found inside cells influences the shape of a cell membrane

common name for the compound Na and Cl

table salt

the different shapes and functions of different proteins is determined by:

the R groups of the amino acids they contain

contrast the reproduction of bacteria with that of leopard frogs

the reproduction of bacteria is asexual. That means the bacteria reproduces by having one cell that splits into many cells. The reproduction of leopard frogs is sexual. That means they reproduce when an egg and sperm com together to form one cell.

in chemical reactions, the number of each kind of atom in the reactants is:

the same as in the products

describe the relationship between the solute, solvent, and concentration of the solution

the solute gets dissolved in the solvent, and the concentration is the measurement of the solute dissolved in the solution.

a broad and comprehensive statement of what is believed to be true is a(n)

theory

Deoxyribonucleic acid contains the chemical code for:

traits

true/false Growth in living things occurs by cell division and cell enlargement.

true

true/false The monomers of DNA molecule are nucleotides.

true

true/false because water is a polar molecule, it tends to cause ionic compounds mixed in water to dissociate into ions.

true

true/false A large polymer is called a macromolecule.

true

true/false A nucleotide contains a five-carbon sugar.

true

true/false A solution with a pH of 1 is very acidic.

true

true/false An atom's number of protons is its atomic number.

true

true/false Atoms in a gas move more rapidly than atoms in a liquid or a solid do.

true

true/false Capillarity is apparent when the water level in a straw is higher than the level in the surrounding container.

true

true/false Enzymes are reused by the cell.

true

true/false Organic compounds are substances produced and found in living things.

true

true/false Plasma is an aqueous solution that contains dissolved nutrients and gases.

true

true/false RNA is a nucleic acid.

true

true/false Sodium chloride is an example of a compound formed by ionic bonding.

true

true/false The bonding of water molecules with one another is called cohesion.

true

true/false Water and carbon compounds are essential to living things.

true

true/false a compound consists of atoms of two or more elements joined by chemical bonds.

true

true/false an ion can have either a positive or negative charge.

true

true/false covalent bonds form where two atoms share one or more pair of electrons

true

true/false elements cannot ordinarily be broken down chemically into simpler kinds of matter.

true

true/false energy can be converted from one form to another.

true

true/false in a compound, atoms may gain different physical properties than they originally had.

true

true/false particles of a liquid have greater kinetic energy than particles of a solid.

true

true/false steroids are found in both plants and animals.

true

true/false the amount of energy needed to cause a chemical reaction to start is called activation energy.

true

true/false the chemical breakdown of sugar in a cell is done in a series of chemical reactions

true

true/false the chemical breakdown of sugar in a cell is done in a series of chemical reactions.

true


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