Biology: Sickle Cell Desease

What is an allele?

A genetic variation of a gene.

.......................... is found in bacteria as a protection against viruses.

CRISPR

If the codon is CCA, what is the anticodon?

GGU

Which is the basic unit of inheritance?

Gene

.........................may be used to inactivate or repair genes.

Genome editing

During DNA replication, which enzyme breaks the hydrogen bonds between the nucleotides in the DNA strands?

Helicase

Crossing-over produces genetic variation during prophase I of meiosis I. This occurs when _____________________ come close together and a rearrangement of alleles occurs

Homologous Chromosomes

There are two main forms of non-Mendelian inheritance. In _____________, as observed in familial hypercholesterolemia, the dominant allele does not completely mask the recessive allele. In_______________, as observed in AB blood type, two dominant alleles are expressed for the same phenotype

Incomplete Dominance; Codominance

What is anemia?

Low oxygen concentrations in the body

............................. refers to the physical characteristics associated with a trait.

Phenotype

The overall goal of gene expression is to make a structural ________ that can be used by the cell.

Protein

Gene therapy can involve the replacement of a defective gene. A ______ is a type of vector used to replace the defective gene in ex vivo gene therapy and is not used in in vivo gene therapy

Virus

From the list provided, select all techniques that are used to analyze DNA for mutations. (Check all that apply.) a. PCR b. Gene cloning c. Karotypes d. CRISPR e. Microarray

a. PCR b. Gene cloning c. Karotypes e. Microarray

The information in which of the following is identical? a. Homologous chromosomes b. Sister chromatids c. Alleles of the same gene d. All of the above are identical

b. Sister chromatids

If an individual with Type A blood marries a person with Type AB blood, which blood types may be present in their offspring? a. Type O b. Type B c. Type A d. Type AB

b. Type B c. Type A d. Type AB

Which of the following processes determines the precise order of nucleotides in a gene of interest? a. Polymerase chain reaction b. DNA microarrays c. DNA sequencing

c. DNA sequencing

To transcribe something is to make an identical copy, i.e., if the original is DNA, the transcribed copy is_______

mRNA

During translation, a polypeptide chain is created using an RNA template. ________is responsible for bringing amino acids to the growing polypeptide chain

tRNA

The interaction of the respiratory and circulatory systems occurs in...

the alveoli of the lungs

PCR differs from DNA because

- It uses primers to target specific segments of the DNA molecule. - It uses a thermostable DNA polymerase - It can produce large numbers of copies of a specific gene

If a person shows an intermediate phenotype, such as that observed in a person who is heterozygous for familial hypercholesterolemia, this indicates the pattern of inheritance to be___________________

Dominance

The formation of sperm is through a process called spermatogenesis. The formation of eggs is through a process called __________________________

Oogenesis

In _______, the ultimate goal is to create several copies of a segment of DNA in a tube

PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction)

DNA replication is considered to be ______________________ because the end product consists of one old strand and one newly synthesized strand.

Semiconservative

In humans, male gametes are called _________, while female gametes are called ______

Sperm; Eggs

________________ plays the role of interpreting the genetic information, from the mRNA, into a structural protein that is used by the cell

Translation

Transcription starts with RNA polymerase binding to the start of the gene called a/an __________. a. origin of replication b. start codon c. promoter d. primer

c. promoter

Mendel's law of segregation proposed which of the following? a. Gametes contain a single copy of each trait. b. Individuals possess two copies of each trait. c. Alleles separate during gamete formation. d. All of the above.

d. All of the above

The name of the enzyme that fits new complementary DNA nucleotides to synthesize the new daughter strand is ____________________

DNA polymerase

Human skin cells have two copies of each chromosome, one from the biological mother and one from the biological father. Having two copies of a chromosome is called _______________; it is sometimes abbreviated as 2n.

Diploid

___________________________ contain similar genes but often different alleles. After DNA replication, ________________________ contain identical alleles combinations

Homologous Chromosomes; Sister Chromatids

In the human life cycle, gametes are formed through the process of __________, and all other cells are formed through the process of ____________

Meiosis; Mitosis

From the list provided, select all that describe the process of sickle-cell gene therapy. (Check all that apply.) a. Bone marrow removal b. Ex vivo gene therapy c. In vivo gene therapy d. Virus vector e. Removal of the sickle-cell gene mutation

a. Bone marrow removal b. Ex vivo gene therapy

From the list provided, select all the functions of the circulatory system. (Check all that apply.) a. Delivery of oxgen to all cells of the body b. Delivery of nutrients to all cells of the body c. Removal of waste from the blood d. Generating new red blood cells e. Excretion of urine from the body

a. Delivery of oxgen to all cells of the body b. Delivery of nutrients to all cells of the body c. Removal of waste from the blood

Which of following best describes the genetic applications of using CRISPR? a. Depending on the application, the DNA sequence can be targeted and removed, or the DNA sequence can be targeted, removed, and replaced with the correct sequence. b. CRISPR can be used to target, remove, and replace a DNA sequence of interest. c. CRISPR is only used to target and remove a DNA sequence of interest.

a. Depending on the application, the DNA sequence can be targeted and removed, or the DNA sequence can be targeted, removed, and replaced with the correct sequence.

This list contains the characteristics of the law of independent assortment and the law of segregation. Select all that contributed to Mendel's law of segregation. (Check all that apply.) a. During meiosis, only one factor is passed on in a gamete b. An individual receives one factor from each parent c. Fertilization results in a new individual with two factors d. Factors are randomly passed on in the gametes e. Any possible combination can occur in a gamete

a. During meiosis, only one factor is passed on in a gamete b. An individual receives one factor from each parent c. Fertilization results in a new individual with two factors

Which of the following is part of a hemoglobin molecule? a. Four globin proteins b. A heme group c. Carbonic anhydrase d. All of the answer choices are correct

a. Four globin proteins b. A heme group

An intermediate phenotype in a heterozygous individual is an indication of which pattern of inheritance? a. Incomplete dominance b. Codominance c. Environmental influences d. Multiple alleles

a. Incomplete dominance

Which of the following is correct regarding gene therapy? a. It has been used to treat genetic diseases in humans. b. It may be done inside or outside of the body. c. It requires the use of a vector. d. It removes the defective gene of interest.

a. It has been used to treat genetic diseases in humans. b. It may be done inside or outside of the body. c. It requires the use of a vector.

Which of the following statements are correct regarding a DNA molecule? a. It is a double-helix b. In a DNA molecule, %A=%T and %G = %C. c. The two DNA strands are oriented in the same direction. d. The nucleotide base pairs between DNA are linked by hydrogen bonds.

a. It is a double-helix b. In a DNA molecule, %A=%T and %G = %C. d. The nucleotide base pairs between DNA are linked by hydrogen bonds.

Which of the following may be caused by sickle-cell disease? a. Pain in the joints of the body b. Increased rates of cancer c. Blockages in the capillaries of the respiratory system d. Anemia

a. Pain in the joints of the body c. Blockages in the capillaries of the respiratory system d. Anemia

Which of the following statements is correct regarding sexual reproduction? a. Spermatogenesis produces four haploid sperm cells. b. Crossing-over changes the number of chromosomes in the daughter cells of meiosis. c. Meiosis produces two identical daughter cells. d. Meiosis occurs in all of the cells of the human body.

a. Spermatogenesis produces four haploid sperm cells.

Which of the following statements best describes the structure and function of hemoglobin in the respiratory and circulatory systems? a. The hemoglobin molecule consists of two alpha globin and two beta globin polypeptide chains and iron molecules that are involved in gas exchange between the blood capillaries and the alveoli capillaries b. The hemoglobin molecule consists of four alpha globin polypeptide chains and iron molecules that are involved in gas exchange between the blood capillaries and the alveoli capillaries. c. The hemoglobin molecule consists of one alpha globin and three beta globin polypeptide chains and iron molecules that are involved in gas exchange between the blood capillaries and the alveoli capillaries.

a. The hemoglobin molecule consists of two alpha globin and two beta globin polypeptide chains and iron molecules that are involved in gas exchange between the blood capillaries and the alveoli capillaries

From the list below select the structural properties of DNA that were known by scientists, prior to the contributions of Chargaff, Franklin, Watson, and Crick. (Check all that apply. a. The scientists knew that DNA was composed of nucleotides. b. The scientists knew that nucleotides contained nitrogen-containing bases. c. The scientists knew that there were four nucleotides: adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine. d. The scientist knew that complementary nucleotides were held together by hydrogen bonds

a. The scientists knew that DNA was composed of nucleotides. b. The scientists knew that nucleotides contained nitrogen-containing bases. c. The scientists knew that there were four nucleotides: adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine.

Crossing-over produces genetic variation during prophase I of meiosis I. This occurs when a. homologous chromosomes come close together and a rearrangement of alleles occurs b. sister chromatids align randomly on the metaphase plate before they are separated. c. random chromosomes come close together and a rearrangement of alleles occurs. d. sister chromatids come close together and a rearrangement of alleles occurs.

a. homologous chromosomes come close together and a rearrangement of alleles occurs

Sickle-cell disease has a physiological impact on the body because it a. changes the shape of red blood cells, which decreases the oxygen supply to the tissue. b. All of the answer choices are correct c. can cause anemia to develop d. decreases the amount of oxygen picked up by red blood cells from the alveoli.

b. All of the answer choices are correct

Cells may be obtained from a fetus for DNA testing by which of the following processes? a. Polymerase chain reaction b. Amniocentesis c. DNA sequencing d. Chorionic villus sampling

b. Amniocentesis d. Chorionic villus sampling

The work of which of the following researcher(s) used radioactively labeled material to determine whether or DNA are the genetic material? a. Avery b. Hershey and Chase c. Watson and Crick d. Griffith

b. Hershey and Chase

During which of the following is genetic variation introduced into the cells that will become the gametes? a. Mitosis b. Metaphase I c. Spermatogenesis d. Prophase I

b. Metaphase I d. Prophase I

Which of the following terms refers to the physical characteristics associatedwith a trait? a. Pedigree b. Phenotype c. Homozygous d. Genotype

b. Phenotype?

Which of the following is not involved in the process of transcription? a. DNA b. Ribosomes c. Messenger RNA (mRNA) d. RNA polymerase

b. Ribosomes

The decreased blood flow in the circulartory system can impact the immune and lymphatic systems. A decrease in function of these systems can cause an individual with sickle-cell disease to be more prone to __________. a. kidney failure b. bacterial and viral infections c. heart damage d. liver disease

b. bacterial and viral infections

A genetic disease has which of the following characteristics? a. it is the end product of sexual reproduction b. it is due to changes in the DNA of an individual c. It can be passed from one generation to the next.

b. it is due to changes in the DNA of an individual c. It can be passed from one generation to the next.

In gene expression, the goal of translation is to a. make a DNA nucleotide sequence from a specific gene b. read codons and incorporate corresponding amino acids into a growing polypeptide chain. c. make a new gene that will be passed on to the next generation d. make a mRNA nucleotide sequence from a specific gene.

b. read codons and incorporate corresponding amino acids into a growing polypeptide chain.

The sickle-shaped red blood cells can block the capillaries of organs in multiple body systems. The _____ may become enlarged and that can result in abdominal pain and decreased recycling of red blood cells. The ______ can become blocked; this can decrease urine output and cause kidney failure. a. heart; kidneys b. spleen; kidneys c. spleen; bladder d. heart; bladder

b. spleen; kidneys

In chorionic villus cell sampling, a sample is obtained a. with a long needle to withdraw fluid that contains fetal cells. b. with a long suction tube to remove cells from the site of placenta development c. by removing cells from the mother's uterus d. by removing blood from the umbilical cord.

b. with a long suction tube to remove cells from the site of placenta development

Genes can be inserted into plasmid DNA and cloned into bacteria. This will produce bacteria that have recombinant DNA and will a. make multiple copies of the inserted DNA. b. produce offspring that also carry the recombinant DNA. c. All of the answer choices are correct. d. produce the product of the inserted gene.

c. All of the answer choices are correct.

Which of the following best explains the role of transcription in a cell? a. To retrieve amino acids and bring them to the ribosome for assembly into a polypeptide. b. To unpackage and unwind DNA so that enzymes can access the individual genes. c. To produce a mRNA molecule to deliver the genetic instructions outside the nucleus. d. To edit the mRNA strand and make it ready to leave the nucleus

c. To produce a mRNA molecule to deliver the genetic instructions outside the nucleus.

Two parents with Type A and Type B blood have a child with Type AB blood. How is this possible? a. This is not possible. The child cannot be their biological child. b. Type A blood is co-recessive with Type B blood, so as long as there is not a dominant blood type present, both recessive alleles will be expressed equally. c. Type A blood is codominant with Type B blood, so both alleles are expressed equally.

c. Type A blood is codominant with Type B blood, so both alleles are expressed equally.

The role of vectors in gene therapy is to a. replace the mutated gene with the correct gene in the cells of interest. b. increase gene expression of the newly delivered gene. c. deliver the genetic material to the cells of interest.

c. deliver the genetic material to the cells of interest.

Red blood cells are responsible for _______________ a. transporting water throughout the body b. helping with blood clotting due to injury c. gas exchange throughout the body d.transporting organic waste out of the body

c. gas exchange throughout the body

Which three scientists were involved in discovering DNA as genetic material? a. Griffith, Watson, and Crick b. Watson, Crick, and Franklin c. Franklin, Griffith, and Chargaff d. Griffith, Hershey, and Chase

d. Griffith, Hershey, and Chase

Images of unreplicated chromosomes that allow researchers to organize and identify each chromosome, as well as missing or extra chromosomes are called __________. a. amniocentesis b. chorionic villus sampling (CVS) c. punnett squares d. karyotypes

d. karyotypes

The hemoglobin molecule is a __________. a. fat b. nucleic acid c. carbohydrate d. protein

d. protein

To treat a patient with a genetic disease, a virus is engineered to deliver a gene of interest directly into the cells of the body where the disease is located. This is an example of....................................gene therapy.

ex vivo