Biology STAAR Vocabulary
organelle
"Little organs" found in eukaryotic cells only. These structures do specific jobs for the life of the cell.
cytoplasm
"The chasm" or the space between the nucleus and the cell membrane that contains all the cell parts and the the cell solution
regarding enzymes, what does the term "enzyme/substrate complex" refer to?
"enzyme/substrate complex" refers to when the enzyme connects with the substrate and they have fit together.
Used to denote the Parent generation
(P)
transcription
(genetics) the organic process whereby the DNA sequence in a gene is copied into mRNA
if an error is made in in transcription or translation
......results in a mutation of the mRNA or amino acid sequence
cell theory
1) All living things are made of cells. 2) Cells are basic unit of structure and function for living things 3) Cells reproduce themselves; Cells come only from cells.
what are 4 facts about enzymes?
1) they are proteins. 2) they lower the activation energy required for chemical processes and therefore speed the reactions. 3)they are not used up in the chemical reactions. 4)they are affected by pH and heat and salts.
4 roles of the skeleton
1)support 2)protection 3)blood cell production 4)storage of minerals
Digestive System Functions/Roles
1. Breakdown food/nutrients 2. Removal of solid waste
What structures do all cells have?
1. cell membrane 2. cytoplasm-cytosol 3. ribosomes 4.DNA
Number of chromosomes in a human somatic cell
23 pairs or (2n=46)
Number of chromosomes in a human gamete
23 singles or (n=23)
What is the formula given for Meiosis?
2N ÷ 2 = N
What is the formula for a person with Down Syndrome?
2N+1=47
What is the formula for a person with a normal diploid cell?
2N=46
Use a punnett square to show your calculations. In human, dimples (D) is dominant over no dimples (d). Cross a hybrid woman with a man who does not have dimples. Give phenotypic and genotypic results of F1 generation. What are the chances the couple will have a child with no dimples?
50% chance of child with no dimples
chemical equation for photosynthesis
6CO₂+6H₂O+sunlight-> C₆H₁₂O₆+6O₂
Macromolecule
A "very large molecule" commonly created by the repeated chemical bonding (polymerization) of smaller subunits.
Climax Community
A biological community of plants and animals which have reached a steady state through the process of ecological succession.
nervous tissue
A body tissue that carries electrical messages about the bodies' internal and external environment back and forth between the brain and every other part of the body
muscle tissue
A body tissue that contracts or shortens, making body parts move -skeletal--smooth--cardiac-
Oligosaccharides
A carbohydrate polymer containing a small number of sugar monomers.
eukaryote
A cell that contains a nucleus and membrane bound organelles
Haploid
A cell that has half the amount of chromosomes. A cell that is "N" for chromosome amount
Diploid
A cell that has twice the amount of chromosome. A cell that is "2N" for chromosome amount
Altered
A change something
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
A chemical compound that living organisms use to store energy.
condensation
A chemical reaction in which water or another simple substance is released by the combination of two or more molecules, aka dehydration synthesis
dehydration synthesis
A chemical reaction that builds up molecules by losing water molecules
Allosome
A chromosome that is a sex chromosome. In humans, there is one pair, XX and XY, and this is the 23rd chromosome pair which determines sex, female (XX) or male (XY).
Autosome
A chromosome that is not a sex chromosome, or allosome. For example. In humans there are 22 pairs of these.
Symbiosis
A close ecological relationship between two (or more) dissimilar organisms.
Inference
A conclusion not directly provided by evidence, but able to be drawn from the data & facts at hand
food web
A diagram that shows the feeding relationships between organisms in an ecosystem
disaccharide
A double sugar, consisting of two monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis.
positive feedback
A feedback in which the system responds to the perturbation in the same direction as the perturbation. (2) A feedback mechanism resulting in the amplification or growth of the output signal. example: contractions in childbirth. When contraction occurs, oxytocin is released into the body stimulating more contractions. Thus, the result is an increased amplitude and frequency of contractions.
cell specialization
A great variety among multicellular organisms where there is communication and cooperation among different types of cells. Cells throughout an organism can develop in different ways to perform different tasks.
Species
A group of organisms capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring.
Polymer
A macromolecule made up of subunits. This word means "many molecules".
cell membrane
A phospholipid bi-layer that covers a cell's surface and acts as a barrier between the inside of a cell and the cell's environment. This controls and regulates what enters and leaves the cell.
cladistics
A phylogenetic classification system that uses shared derived characters and ancestry as the sole criterion for grouping taxa
Nucleic Acid
A polymer consisting of many nucleotide monomers; serves as a blueprint for proteins and, through the actions of these proteins, for all cellular activities.
Domain
A primary grouping of living systems that ranks above a kingdom in taxonomic systems. There are three of these: eukaryotes, bacteria, and archaea.
Cell Membrane
A protective layer that covers the cell's surface and controls what moves in and out of the cell.
myosin
A protein present in muscle fibers that aids in contraction and makes up the majority of muscle fiber
anticodon
A sequence of three bases of a tRNA molecule that pairs with the complementary three-nucleotide codon of an mRNA molecule during protein synthesis.
golgi
A series of flattened membrane sacs stacked up. This is the "packaging and shipping" center of the cell. Items to be shipped out of the cell pass through this organelle.
rough endoplasmic reticulum
A series of membranes found within a eukaryote cell that have many ribosomes attached and is the site protein transportation
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
A series of membranes found within a eukaryote cell that is the site for formation of lipids
Keystone
A species that influences the survival of many other species in an ecosystem
Protein
A three-dimensional biological polymer constructed from 20 different amino acids.
Phloem
A tissue composed of living cells that make up bundles of tubes that transport food to all parts of the plant.
Phenotype
A trait that is expressed... the description of organism's trait or physical characteristic
Cladogram
A tree-like diagram showing evolutionary relationships among organisms and characteristics - shows traits not dates
prokaryotic cell
A type of cell lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane bound organelles; found only in the domains Bacteria and Archaea.
Eukaryotic Cell
A type of cell that has a "true" nucleus with a defined nuclear membrane.
Primary Consumer
A type of consumer that eats plant material.
Commensalism
A type of symbiotic relationship between two organisms in which one organism benefits and the other is not affected positively or negatively.
Gene
A unit of heredity; A portion of DNA that codes for a trait.
Bacteriophage
A virus that attacks and destroys bacteria.
cuticle
A waxy covering on the surface of stems and leaves that acts as an adaptation to prevent desiccation in terrestrial plants.
blood type that is co-dominant
AB
the two blood types that are heterozygous
AO & BO
what are the 4 bases found in RNA
AUCG are the bases found in _________
if the DNA bases were TAC, what would the mRNA sequence be?
AUG start codon reults from the DNA sequence of __________
Inadvertently
Accidentally; unintentionally
Nitrogen Bases
Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, and Guanine in DNA. Adenine, Uracil, Cytosine, and Guanine in RNA.
Food Web
All the various connections that exist between food chains in an ecosystem.
Law of Independent Assortment
Alleles for DIFFERENT traits separate independently of each other during Anaphase of meiosis
Law of Segregation
Alleles for SAME trait separate into different gametes during meiosis
Meiosis
Also called reduction division and results in the formation of 4 genetically unique gametes....used for sexual reproduction.
Allele
Alternative forms of a gene and they always come n pairs. For example, a particular gene may control an organism's height—tall or short.
Allele
Alternative forms of the same gene or same genetic locus (spot)
Al
Aluminum
Ecological Pyramid
An diagram that shows the number of organisms at each trophic level of an ecosystem.
Bromothymol Blue (BTB) Indicator
An indicator used to determine whether a solution is acidic: the blue color changes to yellow in the presence of an acid
Speciation
An interbreeding population of organisms that does not breed with other populations when there is an opportunity to do so.
Ribosome
An organelle that makes proteins.
organic molecule
An organic compound always contains carbon; Examples : carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids.
Autotroph
An organism that can make its own food from an inorganic source. For example, this type of organism may conduct photosynthesis in order to make sugar from CO2 and water.
Producer
An organism that can make its own food, usually through photosynthesis; green plants are examples.
Secondary Consumer
An organism that eats primary consumers.
Saccharide
Another word for a carbohydrate.
Adaptation
Any characteristic that increased the biological fitness of an organism.
Inhibition
Any process that slows or stops the action of an enzyme
Limiting Factor
Any resource necessary for life that is lacking, therefore creating competition and limiting life.
Invasive Species
Any species that is imported into an area where it is not native having a detrimental effect on the affected ecosystem.
Start Codon
Begins the translation of the first amino acid in the protein chain. This codon is AUG for methionine
Hydrogen Bonds
Bonds that provide the stability of the DNA double helix structure. The two strands of DNA are held together by these bonds that join the complementary nitrogenous base pairs. Two of these bonds join the adenosine and thymine base pairs, and three of these bond pairs join the cytosine and the guanine.
B
Boron
Homozygous
Both forms of the allele are the same; also known as purebred, true-breeding (ex. Homozygous brown eyes = BB Homozygous blue eyes = bb)
Br
Bromine
Nucleotides
Building blocks that make up a nucleic acid. They are composed of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen base.
cyctolysis
Bursting of a cell due to excess water movement into the cell. Cells in a hypotonic solution may experience this.
the 3 elements found in carbs and lipids are
C, H, O
the 4 elements in all proteins are
C, H, O, N
the 5 elements in all nucleic acids are
C, H, O, N, P
chemical equation of cellular respiration
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 --> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP
Ca
Calcium
C
Carbon
all biomolecules contain the element ___________
Carbon
Prokaryotic Cell
Cells without a nucleus.
heirarchy of organization in multicellular organisms
Cells→ tissues→ organs→ organ systems→ organism
Food Chain
Chain of organisms in an ecosystem starting with a producer and continuing up through the top level consumer.
Internal Feedback Mechanisms
Chemical signals which communicate within a body system to help an organism maintain homeostasis
Cl
Chlorine
energy conversion organelles
Chloroplasts - Only in plant cells, these organelles convert solar energy to chemical energy that the cell can use. Mitochondria - The energy center of the cell. Changes food energy into chemical energy the cell can use.
Cr
Chromium
Co
Cobalt
Synthesis
Combining of small molecules or substances into larger, more complex ones
Phosphate Group
Component of DNA or RNA nucleotide
Cu
Copper
Monohybrid
Cross involving "one trait"
Dihybrid
Cross involving "two traits"
importance of crossing over
Crossing over increases genetic diversity because every gamete produced is unique
the 2 types of nucleic acids are
DNA and RNA
what stays in the nucleus?
DNA stays in the ___________.
Protein Synthesis
DNA→gene→transcription→mRNA→processing→translation→polypeptides→proteins→trait
Denitrification
Decomposition of dead organisms releases the N back to the soil and the air.
nucleolus
Dense area within the nucleus that is the site for development of RNA and ribosomes.
what is DNA?
Deoxyribonucleic Acid... the genetic code...the blue-print for life
Dihybrid Cross
Determines trait inheritance by working with two traits at a time.
Reactants
Elements and compounds on left side of chemical equation which enter a chemical reaction
Products
Elements and compounds on right side of chemical equation which exit a chemical reaction
Charles Darwin
English natural scientist who formulated a theory of evolution by natural selection (1809-1882)
how do enzymes help chemical reactions?
Enzymes lower the activation energy required for a chemical process to occur. This speeds up the reaction.
excytosis
Expelling of substances from the inside of the cell to the outside. This is very helpful in producing secretions.
Water Cycle
Facilitates the distribution of water throughout the biosphere...includes evaporation, transpiration, condensation, precipitation.
Gregor Mendel
Father of genetics... Monk... Worked with pea plants
F
Fluorine
Heterozygous
Forms of the allele are different; also known as hybrid (ex. Heterozygous brown eyes = Bb)
role of respiratory system
Gas exchange; O2 in & CO2 out
Recessive
Genetic trait which only expresses phenotype when in homozygous state; hides when dominant allel is present
Descend
Go or come down from a higher place to a lower level
Community
Groups of different species living together within a given area
human immunodeficiency virus
HIV caused AIDS or Aquired Immune Deficiency by destroying a special white blood cell known as a Helper T cell
Sex Cells
Haploid cells created by meiosis; gametes
True-breeding
Homozygous
H
Hydrogen
mitochondria
Important structure found within eukaryote cells that convert food energy (chemical) into charging the ATP (cell battery)
experimental group
In an experiment, the group that is exposed to the treatment, that is, to one version of the independent variable.
control group
In an experiment, the group that is not exposed to the treatment; contrasts with the experimental group and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment.
Curly hair (H) is dominant over straight hair (h). Cross a purebred curly haired woman with a true-breeding straight haired man. Give phenotypic and genotypic results of F1 generation. Then, cross F1 offspring to show phenotypic and genotypic results of F2 generation
In the F1 genrations the Genotype Hh = 100% and the Phenotype Curly = 100%. In the F2 the Genotypes would be HH = 25% Hh = 50% and hh = 25% or a 1:2:1 Ratio . The phenotypes will be Curly = 75%, Straight = 25% or a 3:1 Ratio.
Trait
Inheritable characteristic
I
Iodine
Fe
Iron
The stages of meiosis in the correct sequence
I→PMAT→C→PMAT→C
Biotic
LIVING things in our environment such as plants, insects, birds, snakes, fungi, bacteria etc.
polymer
Large compound formed from combinations of many monomers
Biome
Large geographical area characterized by climate and the dominant plant and animal species.
vacuole
Large pocket in many cells especially plants and protists. This organelle stores food, water and waste
Xylem
Layers of dead cells that make up bundles of tissue that transport water and minerals from the roots, through the stems, and to the leaves of a plant.
Nitrogen Fixation
Legumes fix N and eubacteria convert it to NO3 for the plants, getting the N into the food chain.
multicellular
Living thing composed of many cells working together. Often these organisms exhibit cell specialization.
unicellular
Living thing composed of only one cell. example: bacteria
How is probability determined?
Lots & lots of data is used in order to establish predicatable results
ribosomes
Made of RNA strands. This structure is the site for protein synthesis
Mg
Magnesium
Mn
Manganese
pinocytosis
Means "cell drinking" ...cells engulfing packets containing liquids, bringing them inside.
phagocytosis
Means "cell eating" ...cells engulfing particles or other cells, bringing them inside.
5' and 3'
Means "five prime" and "three prime." These numbers indicate the carbon numbers in the DNA's backbone. The 5' carbon has a phosphate group attached to it, and the 3' carbon has a hydroxyl group. The order of these notations indicate in which direction nucleotides are added to the backbone.
Watson and Crick
Men credited with discovering the shape of the Double Helix
Independent Assortment
Mendel principle states different pairs of genes are passed to offsrping separately to form new gene combinations
Segregation
Mendel principle that gene pairs separate during meiosis so each parent passes down one form of gene to offspring.
Fossil
Mineralized remains or the preserved impression of an organism that lived in a past geological time.
Mo
Molybdenum
Optimal or Optimum
Most desirable or satisfactory; Under optimal conditions, these plants grow quite tall; What is the optimal temperature for human body enzymes?
diffusion
Movement of any molecules from area of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration.
osmosis
Movement of water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane from high purity to low purity. water molecules flow down their concentration gradient.
Evolutionary Mechanisms
Mutation, migration (gene flow), genetic drift, and natural selection
What is the variable normal haploid cell?
N
Abiotic
NON living things in our environment such as soil, water, light, temperature, pH
Ni
Nickel
N
Nitrogen
guanine
Nitrogen base that pairs with cytosine in DNA and RNA
Ineffective
Not producing an intended effect; not capable of performing efficiently or as expected : incapable
Displaced
Objects or people forced to move out of a location.
Hybrid
Offspring of parents that have different forms of a trait (ex. Tall and short height)
Secondary Succession
One of two types of ecological succession of plant life. It occurs on rock and soil that previously had vegetation before an ecological disturbance such as a forest fire, tsunami, hurricane, or flood event destroyed the plant life.
Primary Succession
One of two types of ecological succession of plant life. It occurs when a new layer of rock or soil is deposited onto an area that had no soil until after a lava flow or a glacier retreated.
Cross pollination
One pea plant would pollinate another, often creating a hybrid offspring
chloroplast
Organelle found in plants only. Contain chlorophyll and is the site for photosynthesis
lysosome
Organelle that is filled with digestive enzymes and is responsible for recycling of unused or old cell parts
Chloroplast
Organelles in plant cells that trap sunlight; organelle in which photosynthesis takes place.
Centrioles
Organelles in the cell that help to move chromosomes during cell division
Autotroph
Organisms that are capable of making their own organic molecules from natural processes such as photosynthesis or chemosynthesis.
Prey
Organisms that are hunted or seized for food by other organisms in the same ecosystem.
Herbivores
Organisms that eat only plants for their nutrition
Omnivores
Organisms that eat other animals and plants for their nutrition
Carnivores
Organisms that eat other animals for their nutrition
Decomposer
Organisms that return nutrients to the ecosystems... primarily fungi and bacteria are best at this.
Variation
Organisms within populations exhibit this in appearance and behavior. They can include color, success in producing many offspring, body size, and quality of the voice or sound.
climate
Overall weather in an area over a long period of time
O
Oxygen
P
Phosphorus
Sexual Reproduction in Plants
Plants can reproduce in this way by using structures found in the plant flower. The male reproductive structure produces sperm cells (pollen). The female reproductive structures include the ovule that produces the egg cells (ova).
Chemical pollutant
Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into the natural environment that cause adverse change; Toxins such as insecticides are chemical pollutants
Gene
Portion of DNA that codes for a trait or protein
K
Potassium
mitochondria
Powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the site of ATP (energy) production
natural selection
Process by which individuals that are better suited to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully; also called survival of the fittest
endosymbiosis
Process through which early prokaryotic cells are thought to have engulfed other, smaller cells and eventually incorporated them as organelles; these cells evolved into modern-day eukaryotes.
what nucleic acid is created in the nucleus but moves out of the nucleus to the ribosomes?
RNA is created in the __________ but moves out to the ______________
mutations
Random errors in gene replication that lead to a change in the sequence of nucleotides; the source of all genetic diversity
Anatomical
Refers to the structure and organization of an organism physiology.
Food Web
Represents the complex network of interconnected food chains and feeding interactions found in an ecosystem.
how do circulatory and respiratory systems work together in gas exchange?
Respiratory system will bring in oxygen, and circulatory system will transport oxygen to cells. Circulatory system will pick up carbon dioxide from cell, and respiratory system will get rid of it.
Se
Selenium
plasmolysis
Shrinking of a cell due to loss of water. Cells in a hypertonic solution experience this.
Si
Silicon
ribosomes
Site of protein synthesis on the rough e.r.
Na
Sodium
isotonic
Solutions in a cell with equal water purity compare to the adjacent cell. Water will move freely between both cells equaly. Cells submerged in this type of solution will neither gain nor lose mass.
hypotonic
Solutions in a cell with higher water purity than the adjacent cell. Water will move from the higher purity to the area with lower purity. Cells submerged in this type of solution will gain water and gain mass.
hypertonic
Solutions in a cell with lower water purity than the adjacent cell. Water will move from the higher purity to the area with lower purity. Cells submerged in this type of solution will lose water and lose mass.
Asexual Reproduction in Plants
Some plants can reproduce this way. Sometimes called vegetative reproduction. These types of plants are able to reproduce through structures such as rhizomes, tubers, corms, plantlets, or runners.
Detriment
Something that will cause damage or injury to something or someone
Products
Substances on the right side of the arrow in a chemical equation. They are the ending substances in a reaction.
Reactants
Substances that are represented on the left side of the arrow in a chemical equation and are the starting substances in a reaction.
S
Sulfur
Ecosystem
Systems of interactions between biotic factors and abiotic factors that exists locally
Convergent
Tending to move toward one point or to approach each other : exhibiting convergence in form, function, or development
homozygous
Term used to refer to an organism that has two identical alleles for a particular trait (TT, tt)
What happens to the polar bodies during oogenesis?
The _______ _________ will get recycled by digestive enzymes leaving only 1 cell to become the egg.
Biomagnification
The accumulation of toxins that increases in concentration as they move up the food chain.
Parasitism
The act of one organism feeding upon another living organism. The parasite thrives and the host is harmed.
Predation
The act of one organism hunting or feeding or preying upon another...such as mountain lion preys upon antelope
Commensalism
The act of one organism utilizing another living organism. One thrives and the other is neither harmed nor helped
Mutualism
The act of two organisms utilizing one another. Both thrive and help each other.
Biosphere
The area of the earth that supports life..extends from the depths of the oceans to upper atmosphere
Cell
The basic functional and structural unit of all living organisms.
Cell
The basic structural and functional unit of all organisms.
Disaccharide
The carbohydrate formed when two monosaccharides chemical combine. They are sugars such as sucrose, lactose, and maltose.
cytosol
The cell solution, comprised of mostly water and dissolved solutes such as sugars and salts.
Nucleolus
The dark area of the nucleus which stores materials that will be used to make ribosomes.
Lysis
The destruction of a living cell...means to rupture or pop
Osmosis
The diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane (cell membrane) from regions of high water purity to regions of low water purity.
Cytokinesis
The division of the cytoplasm and the plasma membrane following the division of the nucleus. This results in two cells, each having its own nucleus and cytoplasm surrounded by a plasma membrane.
Cytoplasm
The fluid, jelly-like substance that fills the cell.
Exponential Growth
The growth of a population that is unchecked or uncontrolled by limited resources, disease, competition and predation.
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
The large, double-stranded polymer inside a cell that carries the genetic information necessary for protein synthesis. Structurally, it looks like a long, twisted ladder, with the sugar and phosphate groups forming the sides and complementary nucleotide bases forming each rung.
Genotype
The letters used or description of organism's genetic makeup
Trophic Levels
The level in a food chain where an organism lives...such as producer, herbivore, primary consumer, carnivore, secondary consumer etc
Carrying Capacity
The maximum number of individuals that an environment can support.
Colonization
The migration of a species into a new habitat.
Translation
The process of making a protein, where tRNA matches amino acids to codons in the mRNA; occurs in ribosome
Fertilization
The process of making a zygote. When egg and sperm cells fuse and combine their genetic information (DNA)
Replication
The process of making copies or duplicating
hydrolysis
The process of splitting a compound into fragments with the addition of water; a kind of reaction that is used to break down polymers into simpler units, e.g. starch into glucose.
Cell Division or Cell Cycle
The process that forms all of the cells necessary for the growth and development of the multicellular organism.
Tropism
The process through which plants receive information from their environment and translate it into a response. Examples found in plants are thigmotropism (response to touch), phototropism (response to light), and geotropism (response to gravity).
Stabilization
The stage at which a climax community becomes established. It represents the mature, self-sustaining, final stage of succession.
Elongation
The state of being elongated or lengthened; extension, lengthening, prolongation, prolonging, stretching
Genetics
The study of heredity
biology
The study of life
Ecology
The study of the relationship between living things and their environment.
Archaebacteria
The taxonomic kingdom containing prokaryotic organisms that were first discovered in extreme environments (i.e., very hot or cold, highly saline, acidic, or alkaline). These organisms are similar to eubacteria, but their biochemistry is very different. None of these is known to cause diseases in other organisms, and protein synthesis in them is similar to that in eukaryotes.
Animalia
The taxonomic kingdom whose organisms are heterotrophic, multicellular with specialized tissue, and able to digest their food in an internal cavity. Most organisms in this kingdom are mobile during part of their life cycle, though some may be sessile as adults. Their cells do not have cell walls and do not contain chlorophyll.
homeostasis
The tendency of an organism or a cell to regulate its internal conditions, usually by a system of feedback controls or feedback loops, so as to stabilize health and functioning, regardless of the outside changing conditions ex: sweating when hot
Monomer
The term for "one molecule" that may chemically bind to other one molecule to form a polymer. The subunit of a polymer is one of these.
Heritable
This aspect of characteristics affects fitness and can be passed on from one generation to the next.
Stop Codon
This codon can be any of the three mRNA sequences: UGA, UAG, or UAA. These codons do not code an amino acid, but rather signal the end of protein synthesis.
Competition
This occurs when two or more organisms use the same limited environmental resources, such as nutrients, living space, or light.
10% Rule
This rule states that when energy passes from one trophic level to the next, only about 10% of that energy is transferred to the next trophic level. For example, when a horse eats grass, approximately 10% of the energy that the grass received from the sun is passed to the horse.
Elicited
To draw forth or bring out; putting the cell in a saline solution will elicit what response?
Binding
To join, combine or fix items together
Deplete
To lessen markedly in quantity, content, power, or value: Activities such as logging and mining deplete our natural resources.
Fluctuate
To shift back and forth uncertainly: to ebb and flow in waves; After reaching carrying capacity the population may fluctuate.
Dominant allele/trait
Trumps other alleles (hides them) and is written with an uppercase letter (ex. Brown eyes are dominant = B)
double helix
Two strands of nucleotides wound about each other; structure of DNA
eukaryote
Type of cell that includes plant, animal, fungi and protist kingdoms. This tyoe of cell contains a true nucleus and organelles.
prokaryote
Type of cell that includes the bacteria. This type of cell contains no nucleus or organelles
Parasitism
Type of symbiotic relationship between two dissimilar organisms in which one organism benefits at the other's expense (the second is harmed).
endocytosis
Utilizing ATP cellular energy to actively transport molecules into the cell
active transport
Utilizing ATP cellular energy to transport of molecules across the membrane against the concentration gradient.
phospholipid
Very important structure found in membranes made of a polar phosphate head region and non-polar fatty acid chains
Chromosome
What you call the DNA during the actual cell division stages (Pro-, Meta-, Ana-, and Telophase). Condensed/packed DNA for easy movement during cell division
crossing over
When homologous chromosomes swap pieces during anaphase I. Results in increased genetic diversity.
Reduction division
When the number of chromosomes per cell is REDUCED in half as the cell DIVIDES
Habitat
Where the organism lives and thrives..it's home
female chromosomes
X & X
male sex chromosomes
X & Y
Zn
Zinc
where is RNA created?
__________ is created in the nucleus but leaves the nucelus to head to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm
what is mRNA and what is its job?
__________ stands for messenger RNA....its job is to send the instructions for making proteins from the DNA in the nucleus to the ribosomes
where are the ribosomes located and what do they do?
___________ are located throughout the cytoplasm and they are used to manufacture proteins.
what are proteins used for in a cell?
___________ are used by a cell for structure & function.
pedigree
a chart of circles and squares that are used to map inheritance of traits from one generation to the next
punnett square
a chart that shows all the possible combinations of alleles that can result from a genetic cross
plasmid
a circular DNA molecule that is usually found in bacteria and that can replicate independent of the main chromosome
Food Web
a combination of several food chains within an ecosystem
polysaccaride
a complex carbohydrate composed of three or more monosaccharides(starch)
frameshift
a deletion or insertion of base pairs which alters the reading of the frame (3 at time), producing different amino acids
cancer
a disease in which abnormal cells multiply out of control, spread into surrounding tissues and other body parts, and disrupt normal functioning of one or more organs
Commensalism
a relationship between two species where one species is helped and the other species is not affected
Competition
a relationship between two species where they both require the same resource (food, water, shelter, space) and must compete for it
Food Chain
a sequence of organisms that shows how energy is transferred from plants, to plant eaters, to meat eaters and so on
electron transport chain
a series of proteins in which the high-energy electrons from the Krebs cycle are used to convert ADP into ATP
scientific method
a series of steps followed to solve problems including collecting data, formulating a hypothesis, testing the hypothesis, and stating conclusions
food chain
a series of steps in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten
monomer
a simple compound whose molecules can join together to form polymers
monosaccharide
a simple sugar that is the basic subunit of a carbohydrate
bone marrow
a soft connective tissue inside the bone that produces blood cells
Resources
a souce, supply or support for all things needed
ovary
a structure containing egg cells; the base of a pistil in a flower
nutrient
a substance in food that provides energy or helps form body tissues and that is necessary for life and growth.
homeostasis
ability of a cell or organism to maintain balance with the external environment.
Heart Murmur
abnormal heart sounds due to turbulent blood flow
what does the word abundant mean?
abundant means "lots of" or plentiful.
what are the nitrogenous bases found in DNA?
adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine
Alveoli
air sac; site of gas exchange with blood
Somatic Cell
all diploid cells (body cells) that are not gametes
biotic factors
all the living organisms that inhabit an environment
biosphere
all the parts of the planet that are inhabited by living things; sum of all Earth's ecosystems
Dominant
allele with genetic trait always expressed
Heterozygous
alleles with different genetic information; one dominant allele and one recessice allele.
Homozygous
alleles with the same genetic information
homozygous
alleles with the same genetic information
Describe why viruses are considered non-living.
although viruses have genetic material in a protein coat, they do not have membranes and are not cellular. Also they do not have the characteristics of living things such as homeostasis and metabolism.
the monomer for proteins is
amino acids
nucleic acid
an organic compound, either RNA or DNA, whose molecules are made up of one or two chains of nucleotides and carry genetic information; made of nucleotides
producer
an organism that makes its own food
leukemia
cancer of the blood or bone marrow
melanoma
cancer of the skin
which two biomolecules are primarily used for energy use and storage?
carbohydrates and lipids
name the four biomolecules that we studied in class.
carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids
the 2 biomolecules used primarily for energy use and storage are...
carbs & lipids
PKU
caused by a recessive allele causes accumulation of phenylalanine in tissues and mental retardation
tay-sachs
caused by a recessive allele causes lipid accumulation in the brain and early death
Influences
causes or facilitates something to happen
turners syndrome
chromosmal abnormality in females caused by a missing "X" chromosome
kilenfelters syndrome
chromosmal abnormality in males caused by an extra "X" chromosome
Taxonomy
classfy living organisms into groups; Domain,Kingdom,Phylum,Class,Order,Family,Genus,Species
cell cycle
components include interphase, mitosis and cytokinesis
DNA polymerase
enzyme that "proofreads" new DNA strands, helping to ensure that each molecule is a nearly perfect copy of the original DNA
restriction enzyme
enzyme that cuts DNA at a specific sequence of nucleotides
Microvilli
finger-like projections found in small intestine to increase surface area for more absorption
Carbon has ___________ valence electrons
four
Carbon has the ability to bond with up to ___________ other atoms
four
what type of mutation is the most severe?
frame shift mutations are the most ______________ because so many amino acids are affected.
Punnett Square
graphic organizer showing results of a genetic cross
chlorophyll
green pigment in plants that absorbs light energy used to carry out photosynthesis
population
group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area
species
group of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring
Results in 1 egg cell and 3 polar boides
happens in female animals and produces 1 egg..called oogeneisis
endoplasmic reticulum
internal membrane system in cells in which lipid components of the cell membrane are assembled and some proteins are modified
heart attack
interruption of blood supply to part of heart, causing heart cells to die; caused by blockage of coronary artery (plaque)
cramps
involuntary contractions of mucle due to lactic acid or imbalance of sodium-potassium
In what kinds of organisms is cell specialization a characteristic?
multicellular organisms
Diaphragm
muscle underneath ribcage; functions in breathing
cytokinesis
part of cell cycle; division of cytoplasm and organelles except nucleus
mitosis
part of cell cycle; division of the nucleus; includes prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase
appendicular skeleton
part of skeleton that contains appendages; limbs and pelvis
interphase
part of the cell cycle; resting stage of cell and preparation for mitosis; includes G 1 (duplication of organelles) S phase(replication of DNA) and G 2 (checking of replication)
movement of water is a ____________ process which means that it does not require energy.
passive
the 3 parts to every nucleotide are
phosphate, a sugar, and a nitrogenous base
joint
place where 2 bones meet
erythrocytes
red blood cells that deliver O2
qualitative
relating to or involving comparisons based on qualities; descriptive data
vestigial structures
remnant of a structure that may have had an important function in a species' ancestors, but has no clear function in the modern species.
flower
reproductive organ of angiosperm plants especially one having showy or colorful parts
ecology
scientific study of interactions among organisms and between organisms and their environment
monomer
single unit ; small piece of biomolecule
regarding enzymes, what does the word substrate refer to?
substrate refers to the molecules that enzymes act upon
in regards to water, what is surface tension?
surface tension is the tension that is created between water molecules due to the hydrogen bonding
pedigree round symbol shaded
symbol for an affected female
pedigree square symbol shaded
symbol for an affected male
pedigree round symbol not shaded
symbol for an unaffected female
horozontal line between a square and round symbol in a pedigree
symbol in a pedigree that denotes a man and woman having offspring
vertical lines in a pedigree
symbol in a pedigree that denotes offspring
genus
taxonomic group containing one or more species
homeostasis
the ability of a living thing to keep conditions inside its body constant
Carbon Cycle
the cyclic movement of carbon atoms between living things (organic carbon) and their environment (inorganic carbon)
Nitrogen Cycle
the cyclic movement of nitrogen atoms between living things (organic nitrogen) and their environment (inorganic nitrogen)
independent variable
the experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied
nondisjunction
the failure of alleles, genes, or chromosomes to seperate. this leads to chromosomal abnormalities such as turners, kinlefelters and downs syndrome.
telophase
the final stage of mitosis or meiosis, during which a nuclear membrane forms around each set of new chromosomes
prophase
the first stage of mitosis or meiosis in eukaryotic cell division, during which the nuclear envelope breaks down and strands of chromatin form into chromosomes
protein synthesis
the formation of proteins by using information contained in DNA and carried by mRNA
bell shaped curve
the graph shape that is evident in documenting a polygenic trait
two-bar graph
the graph shape that is evident in documenting a simple domimant trait
Gamete
the haploid "sex" cells (in animals they are sperm and egg cells)
law of independant assortment
the inheritance of one trait has no effect on the inheritance of another trait
the _______________ assemble amino acids together with ________ bonds to make a poly-peptide
the ribosomes __________ amino acids together with peptide bonds to make a ________________.
Homologous Chromosomes
the same numbered chromosome that pair up from mother and father (ex: mom's chromosome 1 and dad's chromosome 1)...a matching set
active site
the site on an enzyme that attaches to a substrate that is where the chemical reaction occurs
xylem
the vascular tissue through which water and nutrients move in some plants
HIV-AIDS
the virus that causes acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)
there are __________ amino acids
there are 20 _________ ________
flexor muscles
these muscles close the joint; bending at the joint
mutagen
things that cause mutations
influenza
viral disease caused by airborne transmission; vaccines must be taken annually to lower probability of contacting the "flu"
lysogenic infection
viral disease which remain dormant for a time and causes no symptoms
lytic infection
viral infection which immediately makes host sick by destroying cells
larynx
voice box
describe the water molecule
water molecules look like a "frog face" and are polar with the hydrogen sides being slightly positive and the oxygen being slightly negative
Nucleic Acids
what biomolecule does this monomer belong to?
what are the 2 codons for asparagine?
what is the amino acid that corresponds to AAC & AAU?
deoxyribose sugar
what is the sugar in this molecule?
Mendell
'Father of Genetics". He breed pea plants. He was able to predict the outcome of hybridization. he could do it over successive generations. Created the laws of heredity.
deoxyribonucleic acid
(DNA) A nucleic acid found in all living cells which carries the organism's hereditary information and has the sugar deoxyribose
Used to denote First generation
(F1 )
Used to denote the Second generation
(F2)
Nucleus
A large organelle in a eukaryotic cell that contains the cell's DNA/chromosomes/genetic material.
vesicle
A membrane bound sac that contains materials involved in transport of the cell.
Semipermeable Membrane
A membrane that allows small molecules and ions to diffuse into or out of it. The cell membrane is an example of this type of membrane.
Lytic infection
A method by which viruses replicate. In this method, a virus injects its genetic material into a living cell, causing the cell to make copies of the virus. This method destroys the host cell.
Lysogenic Infection
A method by which viruses replicate. In this type of infection, the virus's genetic material combines with the DNA of the cell it invades.
trophic pyramid
A model of feeding relationships among organisms. Primary producers form the base of the pyramid; consumers eating one another form the higher levels, with the top consumer at the apex.
petal
A modified leaf of a flowering plant. Petals are the often colorful parts of a flower that advertise it to insects and other pollinators.
Deoxyribose
A monosaccharide (sugar) found in each nucleotide in DNA.
insertion
A mutation involving the addition of one or more nucleotide pairs to a gene.
Frame-shift Mutation
A mutation that occurs when one or more amino acids (C, G, U, or A) is deleted from or inserted into a codon, altering the reading frame (pattern of reading triplet codons) in a sequence.
Point Mutation
A mutation that occurs when there is a change to one or a few nucleotides in a codon.
Homeostasis
A state of balance or equilibrium. For example, when cells move from one environment to another, they will, through the process of osmosis, lose or gain water molecules to equalize the number of water molecules inside them and outside them. This process establishes equilibrium.
Stasis
A state or condition in which things do not change, move, or progress; A state or period of stability during which little or no evolutionary change in a lineage occurs
Runner
A stem that grows horizontally above the soil and sends out roots and shoots of new plants.
Rhizome
A stem that grows horizontally below the soil and sends out roots and shoots of new plants.
bottleneck
A stressful period in which few organisms of a population survive, resulting in loss of genetic variation in the population.
Cell Wall
A structure that surrounds the cell membrane and provides support to the cell.
virus
A submicroscopic infectious agent that is unable to grow or reproduce outside a host cell. It is non-cellular but consisting of a core of DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat.
Catalyst
A substance that enables a chemical reaction to proceed at a usually faster rate or under different conditions (as at a lower temperature) than otherwise possible
Nucleotide
A subunit (monomer) of nucleic acids like DNA and RNA. Composed of a sugar, phosphate, and nitrogenous base.
Carbohydrate
A sugar, such as a monosaccharide, a disaccharide, or a polysaccharide. These are divided into four chemical groupings: monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides. In general, monosaccharides and disaccharides are commonly known as sugars.
Subunit
A term for the structural units that make up a macromolecule. For instance, an amino acid is a ________ for a protein.
Fossil Record
A term used by paleontologists to refer to the total number of fossils that have been discovered, as well as to the information derived from them
Heterotroph
An organism that cannot manufacture its own food and is dependent on other organisms for its nutrition.
primary consumer
An organism that eats producers
Tertiary Consumer
An organism that feeds on secondary consumers.
Quaternary Consumer
An organism that feeds on tertiary consumers. These organisms are usually carnivores, but may be omnivores. They are generally considered to be at the top of the food chain.
Predator
An organism that survives by preying on other organisms in the same ecosystem for food.
Eukaryote
An organism whose cells have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
Genome
An organism's complete set of genetic information (DNA).
Chromosome
An organized structure of DNA and protein found in eukaryotic cells. It is a single piece of coiled DNA containing many genes & regulatory elements.
science
An organized way of using evidence to learn about the natural world
X-linked Trait or Sex-linked Trait
An trait found only on the X chromosome. Hemophilia, a blood abnormality in humans, is an example of a trait found only on the X chromosome.
Exponentially
Expressible or approximately expressible by an exponential function; especially : characterized by or being an extremely rapid increase (as in size or extent) <an exponential growth rate>
Nondisjuction
Happens in either Anaphase 1 or Anaphase 2 of meiosis when one centriole does not connect to the chromosome with a spindle fiber. Causes the gametes to have extra or missing chromosomes.
Recessive allele/trait
Hidden if a dominant allele is present and is written with a lowercase letter (ex. Blue eyes are recessive = b)
Carbon Cycle
Moves Carbon through living things and the environment. Photosynthesis fixes Carbon into organic compounds and respiration releases Carbon back to atmosphere.
Nitrogen Cycle
Moves Nitrogen through living things and the environment. N is needed for nucleic acids and amino acids.
plant
Multicellular organisms that typically produce their own food from inorganic matter by the process of photosynthesis and that have more or less rigid cell walls containing cellulose
cytosine
Nitrogen base that pairs with guanine in DNA and RNA
Unregulated
Not governed or acting according to rule; Synonyms: unbridled, unchecked, unconstrained
Population
Number of individuals of a single species living within a given area
blood type that is recessive
OO
Trophic Level
One level of energy (such as primary producer, primary consumer, secondary consumer, etc.) in a food chain.
Chromatid
One of the "arms" of a chromosome 'X'. Each sister chromatid is identical to the other because it is created by replication. A chromosome is made of two Sister Chromatids.
allele
One of the alternative forms of a gene that governs a characteristic, such as hair color
Lipid
One of the family of biomolecule compounds that are insoluble in water, including fats, phospholipids, and steroids.
Purines
One of the two building blocks of nucleic acids. There are two of these in DNA: adenine and guanine.
Pyrimidines
One of the two building blocks of nucleic acids. There are two of these in DNA: cytosine and thymine. RNA contains a third type called uracil.
facilitated diffusion
Passive diffusion of molecules across a membrane flowing down the concentration gradient utilizing a "helper protein".
Self pollination
Pea plant would pollinate itself producing pure traits in the offspring
How is probability expressed?
Percentages, fractions, or ratios
Rosalind Franklin
Photographed DNA with X-rays; discovered it had a double-stranded, helical shape
guard cells
Specialized cell in the epidermis of plants that controls the opening and closing of stomata by responding to changes in water pressure
Locus
Spot on a chromosome where a gene is located
nucleus
Structure found in eukaryotes only. This organelle holds and contains the DNA genetic material.
cell wall
Structure in many cells located just outside the cell membrane (especially pants) that provides structural support.
Analogous Structures
Structures found in different species but are similar in function
Homologous Structures
Structures found in different species that are anatomically similar due to common ancestry.
Chromosome
Structures in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells made of DNA.
centrioles
Structures made from microtubules formed in animal cells only. They are located near nucleus help organize cell structures during cell division.
Developmental Homologies
Studying the embryological development of living things provides clues to the evolution of present-day organisms
phosphate
Substance added to ADP to form ATP
Describe how the structure of a cell membrane makes it an effective barrier for the living cell.
The cell membrane is composed of a double layer of phospholipids. The phosphate head region is hydrophilic and face the inside and the outside of the cell. The hydrophobic fatty acid tails face inwards towards each other and provide a barrier against all water-based solutions.
When do the new cells being formed technically become "haploid"?
The cells are considered to be haploid when Anaphase I is complete. This is because homologous pairs of chromosomes are pulled apart but sister chromatids don't separate
What is unique about Meiosis II?
The cells do NOT replicate DNA between M-I and M-II. This will result in four haploid cells
Photosynthesis
The cellular process that plants and other organisms use to convert energy from light (such as sunlight) into water and carbon dioxide, into oxygen, sugars, and starches.
Cellular Respiration
The cellular process that releases energy when food molecules are broken down in the presence of oxygen.
Probability
The chance or likeliness of an event to occur
Mutation
The change in an organism's genetic material.
Evolution
The change in the alleles frequencies or traits of organisms or populations of organisms from generation to generation.
Genetic Code
The code found in DNA that matches codons in mRNA to amino acids on tRNA.
Phenotype
The composite of an organism's observable characteristics or traits such as its morphology, development, biochemical or physiological properties
pistil
The female ovule-bearing part of a flower composed of ovary and style and stigma
Pioneer Organisms
The first species to colonize an environment; they set the stage for ecological succession, starting the chain of events that lead to an inhabitable ecosystem. Usually lichens and grasses are these
Genotype
The genetic makeup of a cell, organism, or an individual.
genotype
The genetic makeup of an organism
genetic drift
The gradual changes in gene frequencies in a population due to random events
Primary Succession
The gradual growth of an ecosystem over "new" land over a long period of time.
Secondary Succession
The gradual growth of an ecosystem over land that previously supported life before an ecological disturbance from things like fires, floods, hurricanes, tornadoes, and volcanic eruptions.
rRNA
The most abundant type of RNA, which together with proteins froms the structure of ribosomes. Ribosomes coordinate the sequential coupling of tRNA molecules to mRNA codons; also called ribosomal RNA.
Diffusion
The movement of a substance from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
Active Transport
The movement of ions or molecules into or out of a cell against a concentration gradient, which means movement in the direction opposite that of diffusion. This process will require expenditure of energy, and the assistance of a type of protein called a carrier protein.
Passive Transport
The movement of molecules into or out of a cell. This process does not require the cell to expend energy to move the molecules.
Eubacteria
The name of the domain that contains the "true bacteria." These organisms are microscopic prokaryotic & unicellular .
Lysosome
The organelle that digests food particles, wastes, cell parts, and foreign invaders.
Golgi Body
The organelle that packages proteins before they leave the cell.
Vacuole
The organelle that stores water and other materials.
Endoplasmic Reticulum
The organelle that transports proteins around the cell.
Mitochondria
The organelles that that break down food/sugar to release energy.
Nucleotide Bases
The organic molecules found in nucleic acids. In DNA, they are thymine, guanine, adenine, and cytosine; specific sequences of these code for specific proteins.
Gene
The parts of a chromosome that determine a specific trait of an organism.
Heredity
The passing of traits from Parents to offpsring
nuclear membrane
The phospholipid bi-layer that surrounds the genetic material within the cell.
Two cells are placed in a hypotonic solution. One is a plant cell and the other is a animal cell. How would these two cells ract differently?
The plant cell would become turgid (full and stiff) whereas the animal is likely to burst
stamen
The pollen-producing male reproductive organ of a flower, consisting of an anther and a filament.
biological community
The populations of plants animals and microorganisms living and interacting in a certain area at a given time.
speciation
The process by which a new species evolves from a prior species, the most basic process in macroevolution.
Ecological Succession
The process by which ecosystems change and develop over time. "evolution of ecosystems"
Transcription
The process where a copy of mRNA is made from one gene in DNA; occurs in nucleus
Melanin
The protective skin pigment responsible for the tan, brown, or black color of human skin; produced in abundance upon exposure to ultraviolet radiation
nitrogen cycle
The recycling of nitrogen in the environment in which nitrogen goes from a gas, to organic compounds in the soil, to proteins in a plant or nitrates, and then is again released into the atmosphere as a gas.
Niche
The role that an organism plays within it's food chain or ecosystem...such as "producer" or "decomposer" etc.
calvin cycle
The second of two major stages in photosynthesis (following the light reactions), involving atmospheric CO2 fixation and reduction of the fixed carbon into carbohydrate.
gel electrophoresis
The separation of nucleic acids or proteins, on the basis of their size and electrical charge, by measuring their rate of movement through an electrical field in a gel.
Food Chain
The simplest representation of energy flow in an ecosystem. Each organism represented in one of these feeds on the organism just below it.
anaphase
The third phase of mitosis, during which the chromosome pairs separate and move toward opposite poles
constant variables
The variables that remain the same throughout the experiment; constants or controlled variables
Polysaccharide
These are long carbohydrate molecules of repeated monomer units chemically joined together. Energy storage types of this molecule include starch and glycogen, and structural examples include chitin and cellulose. It is classified as a carbohydrate and not a sugar.
Monosaccharide
These are the most basic units of biologically important carbohydrates. They are the simplest form of sugar. Examples include glucose, fructose, and ribose.
Checkpoints
These monitor various stages of the cell cycle. They help monitor for DNA damage and for the proper alignment of the chromosomes during metaphase.
Parallel Evolution
Type of evolution that involves development of two species from a common ancestor, but the descendants evolve similar body structures over time. An example of this type of evolution is the wooly mammoth and the African elephant.
Mutualism
Type of symbiotic relationship between two organisms in which both organisms benefit from the relationship.
Non-Mendelian Trait
Type of trait that is controlled by more than one gene and has many alleles. There is no true dominance or recessiveness among the many alleles. For example, hair color in humans is controlled by more than one gene and many alleles.
if the DNA code was ATGGCTGGTTAC, what would be the mRNA code?
UACCGACCAAUG mRNA sequence would come from what DNA sequence?
phloem
Vascular tissue responsible for the transport of nutrients and the carbohydrates produced by photosynthesis
In our diffusion lab, how do you know that the iodine diffused into the bag but starch did not some out?
We know that iodine diffused into the bag because the starch solution turned purplish black. We know that starch solution did not diffuse out because the solution in the cup did not turn purplish-black.
Chromatin
What you call the DNA during Interphase, Very easy to access the genes for transcription and translation to create proteins
Prophase I
When chromatin coils up to for the homologous chromosomes in preparation for division.
Anaphase I
When homologous pairs of chromosomes are pulled apart and moved to opposite poles in the cell...sister chromatids don't separate
Metaphase I
When homologous pairs of chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell.
how many amino acids does the tRNA carry at a time?
_______________carries one amino acid at a time to the ribosomes so that a protein can be built
plant cell
a cell containing endoplasmic reticulum, a nucleus, Golgi body, a vacuole, a cell wall, a cell membrane, chloroplasts, cytoplasm, mitochondria, ribosomes; produces own food and can reproduce sexually or asexually
animal cell
a cell containing ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi body, a vacuole, a nucleus, lysosomes, a cell membrane, mitochondria, and cytoplasm; has to eat for energy and reproduces sexually
Ecological Pyramid
a graphic representation of the amount of biomass present in each trophic level of a food chain; producers are always on the bottom, then primary consumers, then secondary consumers and so on
Community
a group of different populations (different species) that live in the same area
Population
a group of organisms of the same species that live in the same area and interbreed
clade
a group or "branch" of biological species that share features inherited from a common ancestor
gamete
a haploid reproductive cell that unites with another haploid reproductive cell to form a zygote
virus
a harmful or corrupting agency
fungi
a kingdom of eukaryotic organisms. They are heterotrophic and digest their food externally, absorbing nutrient molecules into their cells. Yeasts, molds, and mushrooms are examples
protista
a kingdom of unicellular eukaryotes that are neither animals nor plants; includes some groups of algae, slime molds and protozoa
biome
a large region characterized by a specific type of climate and certain types of plant and animal communities
biomolecule
a larger organic molecule found in living organisms; ex are carps, lipids, proteins, and nucleus acids
flagellum
a lash-like appendage used for locomotion (e.g., in sperm cells and some bacteria and protozoa)
Biotic Factor
a living thing in an ecosystem; ex. plant, animal, bacteria
Organism
a living thing; exhibits all 5 characteristics of life (ORGAN)
glycolysis
a metabolic process that breaks down carbohydrates and sugars through a series of reactions to either pyruvic acid or lactic acid and release energy for the body in the form of ATP
cytoskeleton
a microscopic network of actin filaments and microtubules in the cytoplasm of many living cells that gives the cell shape and coherence
uracil
a nitrogenous base found in RNA (but not in DNA) and derived from pyrimidine (opposite of Adenine in RNA)
purine
a nitrogenous base that has a double-ring structure; one of the two general categories of nitrogenous bases found in DNA and RNA; either adenine (A) or guanine (G)
abiotic factor
a nonliving factor that shapes an ecosystem
Abiotic Factor
a nonliving thing in an ecosystem; ex: water, rocks, earth
nucleus
a part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction
Mutation
a permanent change in the DNA sequence of a gene's which alters the amino acid sequence of the protein encoded by the gene
karyotype
a picture of chromosomes used to identify chromosmal abnormalities
joint
a place in the body where two bones come together
vascular plant
a plant that has specialized tissues that conduct materials from one part of the plant to another
what type of mutation is the least dangerous?
a point mutation would be the ____________ dangerous because sometimes the amino acid sequence is not affected
hypothesis
a proposal intended to explain certain facts or observations; an educated guess
Mutualism
a relationship between two species where both species are helped
Predation
a relationship between two species where one species hunts (predator) and eats the other species (prey)
Parasitism
a relationship between two species where one species is helped and the other species is harmed
absolute dating
a technique used to determine the actual age of a fossil
cladogram
a tree diagram used to illustrate phylogenetic relationships
lytic cycle
a viral reproductive cycle in which copies of a virus are made within a host cell, which then bursts open, releasing new viruses; host cell destroyed, many new viruses
lysogenic cycle
a viral reproductive cycle in which the viral DNA is added to the host cell's DNA and is copied along with the host cell's DNA; doesn't destroy the host, but produces less viruses
camoflague
a way that organisms make themselves blend into their environment
what is a polypeptide?
amino acids attached together with peptide bonds creates a ___________
Resource Base
amount of total available food, water , shelter and space; toal amount of biotic and abiotic factors available for organims
helicase
an enzyme that untwists the double helix at the replication forks, separating the two parental strands and making them available as template strands
stomata
an epidermal pore in a leaf or stem through which gases and water vapor can pass
sugar
an essential structural component of living cells and source of energy for animals
nitrogenous base
an organic base that contains nitrogen, such as a purine or pyrimidine (Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine, or Thymine; AtoT, CtoG); a subunit of a nucleotide in DNA and RNA
Autotroph
an organism that can use photosynthesis to make its own food: "self-feeding"
Heterotroph
an organism that cannot use photosynthesis to make its own food and must eat other organisms to survive: "other-feeding"
secondary consumer
an organism that eats primary consumers
autotroph
an organism that makes its own food, organism that can capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and use it to produce its own food from inorganic compounds; also called a producer
consumer
an organism that obtains energy by feeding on other organisms
prokaryotic
an organism whose cell generally lacks a true nucleus Examples: bacterial cells
DNA fingerprinting
analysis of sections of DNA that have little or no known function, but vary widely from one individual to another, in order to identify individuals
vector
any agent, such as a plasmid or a virus, that can incorporate foreign DNA and transfer that DNA from one organism to another; an intermediate host that transfers a pathogen or a parasite to another organism
Adaptations
any alteration in the structure or function of an organism or any of its parts that results from natural selection and by which the organism becomes better fitted to survive and multiply in its environment
scavenger
any animal that feeds on refuse and other decaying organic matter
what is a mutation?
any errors in the genetic code that happen during replication, transcription, or translation.
Limiting Factors
any factor that limits the size of a population by restricting its numbers, reproduction, or distribution
pathogen
any infectious agent that may be spread from person to person and cause disease
relative dating
any method of determining whether an event or object is older or younger than other events or objects
enzyme
any of several complex proteins that are produced by cells and act as catalysts in specific biochemical reactions
Biomes
areas with similar climate and conditions: ex. rainforests, grasslands, desert, wetland
the only organisms that belong to the prokaryotes are the...
bacteria
amino acid
basic building blocks of protein molecules
Impaired
being in a less than perfect or whole condition: disabled or functionally defective
lipids
biomolecule composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen; includes fats,oils, waxes and sterols; important component of cell membranes
proteins
biomolecule composed of nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen and oxygen; made up of monomer amino acids; enzyme is an example
nucleic acids
biomolecule made up of nucleotides; nucleotides contain a phosphate sugar and nitrogen base; examples include DNA and RNA
carbohydrates
biomolecule of carbon,hydrogen and oxygen combined in 1:2:1 ratio; include simple and complex sugars; molecules which store energy, add structure, & provide sugars for DNA and RNA; monomer - monosaccharaide ; polymer - polysaccharide
capillary
blood vessel primarily where gas exchange of O2 and CO2 occurs
Rectum
bottom portion of large intestine
sickle cell disease
caused by codominant alleles and caused red blood cells to become mis-shapen
Meiosis
cell division creating sex cells with half the amount of DNA
vacuole
cell organelle that stores materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates
bone marrow
center of bone in an endoskelton; primary purpose is to create blood cells
axial skeleton
center of skeleton, includes the skull, vertebral column and rib cage
centrioles go to the __________ to form the spindle
centrioles go to the poles to form the __________
Where do the spindle fibers attach?
centromere of the sister chromatids
mutation
change in a DNA sequence that affects genetic information
Recombination
change in genetic sequence which increases variation among organisms
Genetic Drift
change in the frequency of a gene variant (allele) in a population due to random sampling
deletion
change to a chromosome in which a fragment of the chromosome is removed
Insertion
changes in genetic code with addition of nucleotides
Inversion
changes in genetic code with nucleotides in opposite order
Deletion
changes in genetic code with removal of nucleotides
Genetic Mutation
changes in organism's DNA sequence;
Genetic Modification
changing of the DNA sequence to alter protein synthesis
Mastification
chewing, takes place in mouth, teeth and tongue breakdwon food physically into smaller pieces
downs syndrome
chromosmal abnormality caused by an extra 21st chromosome
binomial nomenclature
classification system in which each species is assigned a two-part scientific name (Genus species)
two individuals share very common sequences in their DNA indicates....
close genetic relationships would cause what to be seen in the genetic code?
carbohydrate
compound made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms; major source of energy for the human body
pharynyx
connects the mouth/nose to larynx
within a water molecule, what kind of bonds hold the hydrogen to the oxygen?
covalent bonds or sharing of electrons, hold the hydrogen to the oxygen in a water molecule.
DNA fingerprinting
creating a gel electrophoresis of DNA nucleotides to determine similarities in banding patterns
quantitative
data that is measurable; obervations based on numbers
Diversity
degree of variation of life forms within a given ecosystem, biome, or an entire planet
the joining of monomers to form polymers and removing water molecules
dehydration synthesis
what two types of mutations would cause a frame shift?
deletion or insertion
when speaking of enzymes, what is denaturation?
denaturation is when the enzyme protein molecule becomes misshapen or out of shape. When this happens the enzyme cannot function.
ossification
deposition of calcium and other minerals into the bone to make them strong
biomass pyramid
diagram representing the amount of living organic matter at each trophic level
Differential
differences between two opposing sets
Inherited Variation
differences in genetic information passed down through
describe the difference between diffusion and facilitated diffusion
diffusion may be any molecule that can cross the lipid bi-layer whereas facilitated diffusion requires a protein channel to facilitate the movement of molecules across the membrane
Mouth
digestion starts here
osteoporosis
disease of bones; bone lose density and easily fracture
muscular dystrophy
disease that causes muscle atrophy and weakens the muscles; decreases ability to voluntarily move limbs
pathogen
disease-causing agent
cystic fibrosis
disorder caused by a recessive allele and caused excess accumulation of mucus in the respiratory system and digestive tract
eukarya
domain of all organisms whose cells have nuclei, including protista, plantae, fungi, and animalia
bacteria
domain of prokaryotic organisms that are biochemically and genetically distinct from archaea
archae
domain of prokaryotic organisms that are biochemically and genetically distinct from bacteria
deoxyribonucleic acid
double-stranded nucleic acid found in the nucleus which provides instruction for making proteins; provides hereditary information
seed
embryo of a living plant that is encased in a protective covering and surrounded by a food supply
the use for carbohydrates is
energy fuel for cells
__________ are functional proteins
enzymes are ____________ proteins
enzymes are ........
enzymes are proteins that act as catalysts and control chemical reactions.
how do enzymes help speed up reactions?
enzymes speed reactions by lowering the activation energy required to get the chemical reaction going.
Cell Complexity
eukaryotic cells are larger and more complex than prokaryotic cells
Plant Kingdom
eukaryotic kingdom of autotrophic, multicellular stationary organisms which undergo photosynthesis
Fungi Kingdom
eukaryotic kingdom of heterotrophic decomposers with cell walls made of chitin
Animal Kingdom
eukaryotic kingdom of heterotrophic, multicellular mobile organisms.
Protist Kingdom
eukaryotic kingdom of mostly one celled organism divided into 3 groups: animal like, plant like, and fungus like
Crossing Over
exchange of DNA from separate chromosomes during meiosis
exon
expressed sequence of DNA; codes for a protein
lipids are
fats, oils, waxes, sterols
a recognizable structure in most lipids are the
fatty acid chains
Negative Feedback
feedback mechanism in which the result of a process influences the operation of the process itself in such a way as to reduce the effect. It is a self-regulatory system in which it feeds back to the input a part of a system's output so as to reverse the direction of change of the output.
Zygote
fertilized egg cell formed form the joining of the gametes (sperm and egg)
Spindle Fiber
fibers created and used by the centrioles to move the chromosomes around during the division stages.
regulating genes on and off
gene expression
Molecular Homologies
genes shared due to common ancestry
linked genes
genes that are often inherited together...usually these genes are closely located on the same chromosome
Sickle Cell Anemia -
genetic blood disorder; RBC's are sickled shaped due to mutation of hemoglobin; blood clots easily
Cystic Fibrous
genetic disorder mostly affecting lungs; abnormal transport of Na & Cl across epithelium leading to thick secretions; causes chest infections, shortness of breath,etc.
Non-Mendelian Inheritance
genetic inheritance pattern different from dominant hides recessive trait such as codominance, imcomplete dominance
Co-dominance
genetic inheritance pattern in which two dominant alleles are expressed in phenotype
Mendelian Inheritance
genetic inheritance pattern when dominant trait always masks or hides phenotype of recessice trait
Incomplete Dominance
genetic inheritance pattern where phenotype of offspring are a blend between two separate parental phenotypes
recombinant DNA
genetically engineered DNA made by recombining fragments of DNA from different organisms
sebaceous gland
gland in the dermis that secretes oils
sweat gland
gland in the dermis that secretes sweat
Results in 4 genetically unique sperm
happens in male animals... called spermatogenesis
during replication OR transcription, what enzyme "unzips" the DNA?
helicase is an enzymes that __________________ the DNA during replication and/or transcription
Ecological Succession
how an area changes over time from an area that is uninhabitable to one that is able to support a healthy ecosystem
fitness
how well an organism can survive and reproduce in its environment
in water, what is hydrogen bonding?
hydrogen bonding is the attraction between the negative (-) side of the oxygen of one water molecule to the positive (+) side of the hydrogen of the adjacent water molecule.
If an organism is put into pond water and is gaining mass, we know the pond water is _____________ to the organism.
hypotonic
cell theory
idea that all living things are composed of cells, cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things, and new cells are produced from existing cells
Carbohydrate
identify this biomolecule
amino acid
identify this biomolecule
carbohydrate
identify this biomolecule
lipid
identify this biomolecule
nucleotide
identify this biomolecule
what does it mean if a gene is switched "on" ?
if a gene is switched on then a ___________ may be made.
how do acids and bases affect enzyme activity?
if a solution is too acidic or too basic, an enzyme may become denatured and not function.
if the tRNA anticodon was UAG, what would the mRNA codon need to be to match?
if the mRNA codon was AUC, what would the tRNA anticodon need to be to match?
if the mRNA codon was UGG, what was the original DNA sequence that was used?
if the mRNA codon was UGG, the original DNA sequence that was used was ACC
chromosome
in a eukaryotic cell, one of the structures in the nucleus that are made up of DNA and protein; in a prokaryotic cell, the main ring of DNA
mitosis
in eukaryotic cells, a process of cell division that forms two new nuclei, each of which has the same number of chromosomes
Tracheotomy
incision (cut) in trachea & inserting tube in trachea allowing person to breathe without use of mouth
Asthma
inflammation of airway; hard to breathe
Acne
inflammatory disease of the skin involving the sebaceous glands and hair follicles
sprain
injury to skeletal muscle that causes tears; cause by over-stretching
why did the iodine diffuse across the membrane and the starch did not?
iodine molecules are very small compared to the starch which are very large polysaccharides.
Chromosomal Analysis
karyotype; picture of chromosomes to determine mutations such as nondisjunction
animalia
kingdom of multicellular eukaryotic heterotrophs whose cells do not have cell walls
plantae
kingdom of multicellular photosynthetic autotrophs that have cell walls containing cellulose
Substantial
large, important; major, significant; lots of...
bronchus
left & right air passageway
Bronchioles
left & right; lead air into lungs
plasma
liquid of the blood
ecosystem
living and nonliving things in an environment, together with their interactions
what must you have present for a poly-peptide or protein to be made?
living cell, DNA, mRNA, tRNA, rRNA, and the proper amino acids are all needed if you want to ........
Microorganisms
living things that can only be seen with a microscope; ex. bacteria, protists
hair follicle
living tissue in the epidermis that produces and houses the hair shaft
chromatin
long strands of DNA found in the eukaryotic cell nucleus; condense to form chromosomes
hypodermis
lower most layer of skin where the skin attaches to the muscle and bone
Emphysema
lung disease; causes shortness of breath; most often by tobacco smoking
who takes the information from the nucleus to the ribosomes
mRNA job is to ......
what are the 3 types of RNA
mRNA, tRNA & rRNA
protein
macromolecule that contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen; needed by the body for growth and repair and to make up enzymes; made of amino acids
name the 8 characteristics of living things
made of cells, grow and develop, metabolism, contain DNA, reproduce themselves, respond to their environment, maintain homeostasis, change over time
Liver
makes bile; aids in fat digestion
cloning
making a genetically identical copy of DNA or of an organism
monohybrid cross
mating of two organisms that differ in only one character
scoliosis
medical condition where spine is curved
mRNA
messenger RNA; type of RNA that carries instructions from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosome
dermis
middle layer of skin that contains sweat glands, sebaceous glands and hair follicles
pigments
molecules that absorb specific wavelengths of sunlight; make plants appear to be certain colors
nucleotide
monomer of nucleic acids made up of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base
the monomer for carbohydrates is
monosaccharides
name the monomers that we studied and their corresponding polymers.
monosaccharides→polysaccharides; amino acids→proteins(or enzymes); fatty acid chains→lipids; nucleotides→nucleic acids.
ancestral trait
more-primitive characteristic that appeared in common ancestors
Anatomical Homologies
morphological(form or structure) or physiological (function) similarities between different species of plants or animals
Peristalsis
movement of food through digestive system by contracting smooth muscles
transport of molecules organelles
movement of nutrients & wastes must occur within the cell;lysosomes digest wastes; vacuoles stores & removes wastes;cell membrane controls movement of materials in and out of cell; endoplasmic reticulum transports materials inside of cell
Large Intestine
much absorption of H2O occurs here
Small Intestine
much digestion & absorption of food occurs here
polymer
multi piece unit; made up of smaller monomers
Esophagus
muscular tube that pushes food from pharynx to stomach
Stomach
muscular tube where digestion continues; very acidic (HCl inhibits/kills bacteria); proteases digest protein
Translocation
mutation resulting from movement of DNA from one chromosome to a different location on some chromosome
point mutation
mutation that affects a single nucleotide, usually by substituting one nucleotide for another
stabilizing selection
natural selection that favors average individuals in a population
disruptive selection
natural selection that favors individuals with either extreme of a trait
derived trait
new feature that had not appeared in common ancestors
thymine
nitrogen base found ONLY in DNA that pairs with adenine
adenine
nitrogen base found in DNA and RNA; pairs with thymine in DNA and with uracil in RNA
pyrimidine
nitrogenous base found in nucleotides, with single-ring structure. cytosine (C), thymine (T), and uracil (U) are examples
do all genetic mutations have an effect in the protein made? explain...
no... since some amino acids have several codons, some mutations do NOT change the amino acid sequence in the final protein.
abiotic factors
non-living factors including temperature, water, sunlight, wind, rocks and soil
Sustained
non-stop, keep going, continuous
pedigree square symbol not shaded
normal symbol for a male
the monomer for nucleic acids is
nucleotides
phylogenetics
of or relating to the evolutionary development of organisms
incomplete dominance
one allele is not completely dominant over the other allele
actin
one of the proteins into which actomyosin can be split
regarding enzyme activity, what does the word "optimal" mean?
optimal or optimum means the BEST activity level possible.
domain-kingdom-phyla-class-order-family-genus-species
order of taxonomic groups
spleen
organ that recycles red blood cells and stores blood
Lung
organ that transports O2 into bloodstream and releases CO2 to atmosphere
chloroplast
organelle found in cells of plants and some other organisms that captures the energy from sunlight and converts it into chemical energy
synthesis of molecules organelles
organelles within a cell must make molecules ; ribosomes make proteins; golgi body repackages proteins for different uses;
Biomolecules
organic molecules which combine to form living organisms; includes carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids
cytokinesis
organic process consisting of the division of the cytoplasm of a cell following karyokinesis bringing about the separation into two daughter cells
eukaryotic
organism possessing a membrane-bound nucleus ; animals, plants, fungi, and protists
decomposer
organism that breaks down and obtains energy from dead organic matter
carnivore
organism that obtains energy by eating animals- meat eater
omnivore
organism that obtains energy by eating both plants and animals
heterotroph
organism that obtains energy from the foods it consumes; also called a consumer
epidermis
outer layer of skin; primary function is for protection against pathogens
capsid
outer protein coat of a virus
phenotype
physical characteristics of an organism
melanin
pigment in the skin that gives color
invasive species
plants and animals that have migrated to places where they are not native
thrombocyctes
platelets; blood clotting
what is a polymer?
polymers are long chains built by joining monomers together
name the 3 polymers that we learned about in class
polysaccharides, proteins, nucleic acids
taxonomy
practice of classifying plants and animals according to their presumed natural relationships
DNA replication
process by which DNA is copied in a cell before a cell divides by mitosis, meiosis, or binary fission
photosynthesis
process by which plants and some other organisms use light energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and high-energy carbohydrates such as sugars and starches
immunization
process by which resistance to an infectious disease is induced
cellular respiration
process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen
Mitosis
produces 2 identical cells in the body for growth, replacement, repair, reproduction
Salivary Gland
produces saliva; secretes amylase which breaks down starch
What are the differences between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells?
prokaryotes are ALWAYS unicellular and have no nucleus or organelles. Eukaryotes may be unicellular or multicellular and have organelles.
prokaryotes do not contain......
prokaryotes do not contain a nucleus or membrane bound oganelles.
Archaea Kingdom
prokaryotic kingdom of bacteria able to live in harsh enviroments which are hot,salty or acidic
Eubacteria Kingdom
prokaryotic kingdom of bacteria with majority of organisms are beneficial and only a few are harmful
name the parts that all viruses have
protein coat and genetic material (nucleic acid) core
the polymer of amino acids is
proteins
enzymes
proteins that act as catalysts and control chemical reactions
enzymes are...
proteins that act as catalysts and control chemical reactions
Monohybrid cross
punnett square showing results of genetic cross of one trait
Dihybrid cross
punnett square showing results of genetic cross of two traits
substrate
reactant of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction (substance acted upon)
light dependent reaction
reactions of photosynthesis that use energy from light to produce ATP and NADPH
krebs cycle
second stage of cellular respiration, in which pyruvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide in a series of energy-extracting reactions
Pancreas
secretes pancreatic juices which aid in absorption of nutrients & digestion in small intestine
direct selection
selection for a trait as a means of improving that same trait
artificial selection
selective breeding of domesticated plants and animals to produce offspring with desired genetic traits
the shape of proteins is determined by the ___________ of the ________ _________
sequence ; amino acids
gene
sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait
intron
sequence of DNA that is not involved in coding for a protein
cell cycle
sequence of events in the life of a cell, from its origin in the division of a parent cell until its own division into two composed of M, G1, S, and G2 phases
hemophilia
sex linked trait that affects boys blood more than girls and is caused by a recessive allele located on the "X" chromosome
color blindness
sex linked trait that affects boys color vision more than girls and is caused by a recessive allele located on the "X" chromosome
cilia
short structures projecting from a cell and containing bundles of microtubules that move a cell through its surroundings or move fluid over the cell's surface
nitrogenous base
single or double ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms with attached functional groups, found in nucleic acids
ribonucleic acid
single stranded nucleic acid made during transcription to provide template for making proteins at ribosome during translation
mouth/nose
site of air intake
codominance
situation in which both alleles of a gene contribute to the phenotype of the organism
acne
skin disorder; more apparent in adolesence; often due to excessive sebaceous secretions
fossilization
slow process that starts when an organism or traces of it become covered by sediment; water slowly infiltrates the remains, and metal ions and other inorganic compounds replace the minerals in bones and other hardened tissues
what is DNA replication for?
so that ever cell needed for growth, replacement, repair, reproduction gets a perfect complete set of DNA.
_______ & __________ are combined to make the solution.
solvent & solute
Habitat Requirement
something necessary to make a good place to live: shelter and space, and access to food and water
cell differentiation
specialization of cells for a particular function
golgi apparatus
stack of membranes in the cell that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum
Filament
stalk portion of stamen used to support anther
the polymer for carbohydrates is
starches, cellulose and chitin
Acid Reflux
stomach acid comes up into esophagus causing burning sensation
Gall Bladder
stores bile; aids in fat digestion
tendons
strong connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone
ligament
strong connective tissue that holds bones together in movable joints
cell wall
strong supporting layer around the cell membrane in plants, algae, and some bacteria
proteins are used for
structure and function of the cells and tissues in the organism
analogous structures
structures that are not the same in form but are used for the same purpose ex: bird wing and fly wing
homologous structures
structures that have different mature forms in different organisms but develop from the same embryonic tissues
vaccine
substance prepared from killed or weakened pathogens and introduced into a body to produce immunity
what are the 3 parts to a nucleotide?
sugar, phosphate and a nirtogenous base are the 3 parts to a ________________________
name some solutes that may be found within cytosol
sugars, salts, minerals, vitamins, hormones
any pedigree symbol 1/2 shaded
symbol that denotes a carrier
the ___________ acts as a shuttle and brings ______ _______ to the ribosomes
tRNA acts as a ____________ and brings the amino acids to the ______________ where proteins will be made.
what are the 3 types of RNA that work together to build a protein?
tRNA, rRNA and mRNA all work together in the cytoplasm in order to build a ___________________
heterozygous
term used to refer to an organism that has two different alleles for the same trait (Tt)
sex chromosomes
the "last" pair of chromosomes aside from autosomes and are used to denote the sex of the offspring
experiment
the act of conducting a controlled test or investigation
the sequence of the nitrogenous bases will ultimately determine the _______ _______ sequence.
the amino acid sequence is determined by the sequence of the ___________ ____________.
cell
the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms
incomplete dominance
the blending of two traits. the phenotype shows the intermediate of both forms of the phenotype
Cardiovascular System
the body system that consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood, and that carries needed substances to cells and carries waste products away from cells
genetics
the branch of biology that studies heredity and variation in organisms
autosomes
the chromosomes 1-22, excluding the sex chromosomes
tendon
the connection of muscle to bone
water cycle
the continuous cycle of the transfer of water through an ecosystem, which involves evaporation, transpiration, condensation, and precipitation
skeleton
the internal supporting structure that gives an artifact its shape
Carrying Capacity
the maximum population a habitat can sustain
activation energy
the minimum amount of energy required to start a chemical reaction
Common Ancestor
the most recent ancestral form or species from which two different species evolved
gene flow
the movement of genes into or out of a population due to interbreeding
a Na+ ion would be attracted to what side of a water molecule?
the negative side (oxygen)
what in the DNA molecule determines the traits of an organism?
the nitrogenous bases in the DNA of an organism determines the _________________ of the organism
dependent variable
the outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable
epidermis
the outer layer of the skin covering the exterior body surface of vertebrates
anther
the part of the stamen that contains pollen
habitat
the place where an organism lives
Trophic Level
the position a species occupies in a food chain; ex. producer, primary consumer, secondary consumer
a Cl- ion would be attracted to what side of a water molecule?
the positive side (hydrogen)
fossil
the preserved remains or traces of an organism that lived in the past
active transport
the process by which cells use energy to transport molecules through the cell membrane from areas of low concentration to areas of high concentration.
Natural Selection
the process by which forms of life having traits that better enable them to adapt to specific environmental pressures
carbon cycle
the process in an ecosystem in which producers take in carbon dioxide from the atmosphere during photosynthesis and consumers, having eaten producers, release carbon into the atmosphere as carbon dioxide
metaphase
the second stage in mitosis or meiosis in which the duplicated chromosomes line up along the equatorial plate of the spindle
evolution
the sequence of events involved in the evolutionary development of a species or taxonomic group of organisms
protista, plantae, animalia, fungi, eubacteria, archaebacteria
the six kingdoms
Biogeography
the study of the geographical distribution of living things.
substrate
the substance acted upon by an enzyme or ferment
an / or slash mark through a symbol in a pedigree
the symbol in a pedigree that represents individuals that have passed from a genetic condition
A,B,O
the three alleles for blood type in the human population although we only inherit two of them.
eukarya, bacteria, archae
the three domains
genetic engineering
the transfer of a gene from the DNA of one organism into another organism, in order to produce an organism with desired traits
Gene Flow
the transfer of alleles of genes from one population to another
extensor muscles
these muscles open the joint wider; straightening at the joint
epiglottis
thin covering over the larynx to prevent food from getting into windpipe
codon
three-nucleotide sequence on messenger RNA that codes for a single amino acid
ligament
tissue connecting bone to bone
epithelial tissue
tissue that covers the surface of the body and lines internal organs
connective tissue
tissue that holds organs in place and binds different parts of the body together
replication takes place in the _____________
to make EXACT copiesof DNA in the nucleus is called ___________________________
what is translation for?
to make a poly-peptide or protein from following the mRNA message.
Isolates
to make something separate, or separate peices
what is transcription for?
to make the mRNA from the DNA
Ascend
to rise to another level or climb, move upward
sex-linked traits
traits controlled by genes located on sex chromosomes
sex-linked traits
traits that are controlled by genes on the sex chromosomes...usually the "X" chromosome
adaptations
traits that improve an individual's ability to survive and reproduce
copying of the DNA to send out to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm
transcription
what is the process called of reading mRNA and manufacturing a protein?
translation
transfer RNA/tRNA
type of RNA molecule that transfers amino acids to ribosomes during protein synthesis
smooth muscle
type of involuntary muscle that is found in the digestive tract and internal organs and is not striated
cardiac muscle
type of muscle that is found in the heart.
skeletal muscle
type of voluntary muscle that is attached to bone and is striated.
cancer
uncontrolled cell division; creates tumors and interferes with normal cell function
stem cells
unspecialized cells that are able to renew themselves for long periods of time by cell division
observation
use of one or more of the senses—sight, hearing, touch, smell, and sometimes taste—to gather information
Fixed
used to describe something that does not change: placed or attached in a way that does not move easily; Carbon is Fixed in photosynthesis and released in respiration
Tongue
used to facilitate chewing, speaking, & tasting
Teeth
used to physically breakdown food
order of blood travel through the heart
vena cava→RA→RV→pumonary artery→lungs→pulmonary vein→left atrium→LV→aorta→arteries→capillaries→veins→vena cava
artery
vessel that carries blood away from heart
vein
vessel that carries blood towards the heart
frame shift
when a base gets inserted or deleted and the rest of the genetic sequence shifts to the left or right
founder effect
when a few individuals become isolated from a larger population, this smaller group may establish a new population whose gene pool isn't reflective of the source population
point mutation
when a single nitrogenous base gets substituted or changed
co-dominance
when both forms of the phenotype show in the offpring distinctly. the traits are not blended
polygenic trait
when many genes work together to control a trait
multiple alleles
when more than two alleles are found in the population, however they are only inheriteded in pairs
law of segregation
when two alleles seperate in anaphase I of meiosis...this helps produce unique gametes
complete dominance
when two forms of a trait are crossed and only one phenotype shows up in the offspring
Originate
where something comes from... from the source
leukocytes
white blood cells - fight disease and pathogens
trachea
windpipe; C-shaped cartilage rings to hold open