Biology Test Chapter 6
All of the following are part of a prokaryotic cell
A) DNA. B) a cell wall. C) a plasma membrane. D) ribosomes.
The Golgi apparatus has a polarity or sidedness to its structure and function. Which of the following statements correctly describes this polarity?
A) Transport vesicles fuse with one side of the Golgi and leave from the opposite side. B) Proteins in the membrane of the Golgi may be sorted and modified as they move from one side of the Golgi to the other. C) Lipids in the membrane of the Golgi may be sorted and modified as they move from one side of the Golgi to the other. D) Soluble proteins in the cisternae (interior) of the Golgi may be sorted and modified as they move from one side of the Golgi to the other.
Which of the following statements concerning bacteria and archaea cells is correct?
Archaea cells contain small membrane-enclosed organelles; bacteria do not.
Prokaryotes are classified as belonging to two different domains. What are the domains?
Bacteria and Archaea
Which organelle or structure is absent in plant cells?
Centrosomes
Which of the following produces and modifies polysaccharides that will be secreted?
Golgi apparatus
A mutation that disrupts the ability of an animal cell to add polysaccharide modifications to proteins would most likely cause defects in its
Golgi apparatus and extracellular matrix.
A mycoplasma is an organism with a diameter between 0.1 and 1.0 µm. What does the organism's size tell you about how it might be classified?
It could be a very small bacterium.
Why isn't the mitochondrion classified as part of the endomembrane system?
Its structure is not derived from the ER or Golgi.
Hydrolytic enzymes must be segregated and packaged to prevent general destruction of cellular components. Which of the following organelles contains these hydrolytic enzymes in animal cells?
Lyosome
Tay-Sachs disease is a human genetic abnormality that results in cells accumulating and becoming clogged with very large and complex lipids. Which cellular organelle must be involved in this condition?
Lyosome
Which of the following makes it necessary for animal cells, although they have no cell walls, to have intercellular junctions?
Maintenance of tissue integrity and barriers to fluid leakage requires cells to adhere tightly to one another.
Which of the following statements about the cytoskeleton is true?
Movement of cilia and flagella is the result of motor proteins causing microtubules to move relative to each other.
Large numbers of ribosomes are present in cells that specialize in producing which of the following molecules?
Proteins
Which of the following statements correctly describes some aspect of protein secretion from prokaryotic cells?
Proteins that are secreted by prokaryotes are synthesized on ribosomes that are bound to the cytoplasmic surface of the plasma membrane.
The cell walls of bacteria, fungi, and plant cells and the extracellular matrix of animal cells are all external to the plasma membrane. Which of the following is a characteristic common to all of these extracellular structures?
They are constructed of polymers that are synthesized in the cytoplasm and then transported out of the cell.
What do the cell walls of plants and the extracellular matrix of animal cells have in common?
They have functional connections with the cytoskeleton inside the cell.
How does the cell multiply its peroxisomes?
They split in two after they become sufficiently large.
The nuclear lamina is an array of filaments on the inner side of the nuclear membrane. If a method were found that could cause the lamina to fall into disarray, what would you expect to be the most likely consequence?
a change in the shape of the nucleus
The smallest cell structure that would most likely be visible with a standard (not super-resolution) research-grade light microscope is
a mitochondrion.
When biologists wish to study the internal ultrastructure of cells, they can achieve the finest resolution by using
a transmission electronic microscope.
The fact that the outer membrane of the nuclear envelope has bound ribosomes allows one to most reliably conclude that
at least some of the proteins that function in the nuclear envelope are made by the ribosomes on the nuclear envelope.
Cells require which of the following to form cilia or flagella?
centrosomes
Thylakoids, DNA, and ribosomes are all components found in
chloroplasts
A biologist ground up some plant leaf cells and then centrifuged the mixture to fractionate the organelles. Organelles in one of the heavier fractions could produce ATP in the light, whereas organelles in the lighter fraction could produce ATP in the dark. The heavier and lighter fractions are most likely to contain, respectively,
chloroplasts and mitochondria.
Motor proteins provide for molecular motion in cells by interacting with what types of cellular structures?
cytoskeletal structures
The evolution of eukaryotic cells most likely involved
endosymbiosis of an aerobic bacterium in a larger host cell-the endosymbiont evolved into mitochondria.
Plasmodesmata in plant cells are most similar in function to which of the following structures in animal cells?
gap junctions
Ions can travel directly from the cytoplasm of one animal cell to the cytoplasm of an adjacent cell through
gap junctions.
In a plant cell, DNA may be found
in the nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplasts.
The extracellular matrix is thought to participate in the regulation of animal cell behavior by communicating information from the outside to the inside of the cell via which of the following?
integrins
Signals between the ECM and the cytoskeleton may be transmitted by
integrins.
What technique would be most appropriate to use to observe the movements of condensed chromosomes during cell division?
light microscopy
The advantage of light microscopy over electron microscopy is that
light microscopy allows one to view dynamic processes in living cells.
Which of the following contains hydrolytic enzymes?
lysosome
Recent evidence shows that signals from the extracellular matrix (ECM) can regulate the expression of genes in the cell nucleus. A likely mechanism is that
mechanical signals of the ECM can alter the cytoskeleton, which can alter intracellular signaling.
Movement of vesicles within the cell depends on what cellular structures?
microtubules and motor proteins
What types of proteins are not synthesized in the rough ER?
mitochondrial proteins
Which organelle is the primary site of ATP synthesis in eukaryotic cells?
mitochondrion
Which plant cell organelle contains its own DNA and ribosomes?
mitochondrion
A cell has the following molecules and structures: enzymes, DNA, ribosomes, plasma membrane, and mitochondria. It could be a cell from
nearly any eukaryotic organism.
One of the key innovations in the evolution of eukaryotes from a prokaryotic ancestor is the endomembrane system. What eukaryotic organelles or features might have evolved as a part of, or as an elaboration of, the endomembrane system?
nuclear envelope
. In light of the endosymbiont theory for the evolutionary origin of mitochondria, where is most ATP synthesis likely to occur in prokaryotic cells?
on the plasma membrane
Which animal cell organelle contains enzymes that transfer hydrogen from various substrates to oxygen?
peroxisome
All of the following serve an important role in determining or maintaining the structure of plant cells. Which of the following are distinct from the others in their composition?
plant cell walls
The volume enclosed by the plasma membrane of plant cells is often much larger than the corresponding volume in animal cells. The most reasonable explanation for this observation is that
plant cells contain a large vacuole that reduces the volume of the cytoplasm.
Which type of organelle is found in plant cells but not in animal cells?
plastids
Which of the following correctly describes the order in which these structures will be encountered by the ion?
primary cell wall → plasma membrane → cytoplasm → vacuole
A cell with a predominance of free ribosomes is most likely
producing primarily cytoplasmic proteins.
ECM proteins are made by ribosomes in which part of a eukaryotic cell?
rough ER
Which structure is the site of the synthesis of proteins that may be exported from the cell?
rough ER
A biologist wants specifically to examine the surfaces of different types of cells in kidney tubules of small mammals. The cells in question can be distinguished by external shape, size, and 3-D characteristics. Which of the following would be the optimum method for her study?
scanning electron microscopy
A primary objective of cell fractionation is to
separate the major organelles so that their particular functions can be determined.
The liver is involved in detoxification of many poisons and drugs. Which of the following structures is primarily involved in this process and therefore abundant in liver cells?
smooth ER
Which type of organelle or structure is primarily involved in the synthesis of oils, phospholipids, and steroids?
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
If an individual has abnormal microtubules, due to a hereditary condition, in which organs or tissues would you expect dysfunction?
sperm, larynx, and trachea: cells and tissues that contain flagella or cilia
The difference in lipid and protein composition between the membranes of the endomembrane system is largely determined by
the function of the Golgi apparatus in sorting and directing membrane components.
Which of the following is a major cause of the size limits for certain types of cells?
the need for a surface area of sufficient area to support the cell's metabolic needs
Considering the structure and location of the following structures, which is most likely to be involved in chromosome location?
the nuclear matrix
In a liver cell detoxifying alcohol and some other poisons, the enzymes of the peroxisome remove hydrogen from these molecules and
transfer the hydrogen to oxygen molecules to generate hydrogen peroxide.
Which organelle often takes up much of the volume of a plant cell?
vacuole
