Biology Unit 1

what condition forms a nonpolar covalent bond

electrons are shared between orbitals of two atoms with similar electronegativity

which term describes the process by which external materials are captured inside transport vesicles and brought into the cell?

endocytosis

mitochondria contain their own genome, can duplicate, and divide on a different time line from the rest of the cell. Nevertheless, mitochondria cannot function for long when isolated from the cell because they are

endosymbionts

cells that are specialized for the secretion of proteins are likely to have which of the following features

enlarged ER's

pieces of what organelle pinch off and become vesicles

golgi

which organelle is responsible for modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins for transport

golgi

sorts proteins

golgi E

in which type of cell would you expect to find an abundance of mitochondria

heart cell

let another take a valence electron

ionic

what is the primary function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum

lipid synthesis and detoxification

poly-unsaturated fatty acid

liquid and permeable

breaks down unwanted material

lysosomes E

functional ribosomes in eukaryotic animal cells are located in 1) free in the cytoplasm, 2) attached to Rough ER and 3) ________.

mitochondria

which organelle is responsible for producing energy in the form of ATP

mitochondria

makes energy for the cell

mitochondria B

which one does not support the endosymbiosis theory

mitochondria and chloroplasts have the same number of genes as most bacterial cells.

what genomes are typically composed of a singular circular chromosome

mitochondria, bacteria, chloroplast

if you receive electrons you become

negative

equal sharing of electrons

non polar

what bond is between C-C, C-H, H-H

non-polar bond

what is the tail of the lipid bilayer

non-polar, hydrophobic

the __________ is made up of two concentric membranes, and the outer membrane is continuous with the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum

nuclear envelope

stores genetic information

nucleus E

which is the partially negative ion in H20

oxygen

which of the following describes the electron distribution in the oxygen-hydrogen covalent bond of a water molecule

oxygen contributes more electrons

what are the small, membrane-bound organelles that provide a safe place within the cell to carry out biochemical reactions that generate and remove harmful, highly reactive oxygen species like superoxide and hydrogen peroxide

peroxisomes

which type of lipid is a major component of cell membranes

phospholipids

separates the cell from the environment

plasma membrane E

unequal sharing of electrons

polar

what bond is formed between oxygen and hydrogen

polar covalent bond

what is the term for the electron distribution in a covalent bond where electrons are shared unequally between atoms

polar covalent bonding

what is the head of the lipid bilayer

polar, hydrophilic

if you give your electrons you become

positive

a certain type of cell has an unusually high number of ribosomes. What might be the primary function of this cell

protein synthesis

what is the function of ribosomes in a cell

protein synthesis

would you expect to find in a cytosolic fraction prepared from cultured mammalian cell nucleolus

ribosomal subunits

makes protein

ribosomes B

what grabs the ER signal sequence and shuttles the ribosome to the translocon in the membrane of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

signal recognition particle (SRP)

a cell is actively producing a large amount of lipids. Which organelle is likely to be highly active in this process

smooth ER

saturated fatty acid

solid

evaluate the importance of the endoplasmic reticulum in the synthesis, modification, and transport of cellular proteins

the ER plays a crucial role in protein synthesis, modification, and transport

why can't water vaporize easy

the hydrogen bonds

discuss the role of the nucleus in controlling cellular activities and hereditary information

the nucleus contains genetic material and controls cell functions by directing protein synthesis

what is electronegativity

the strength with which an atom pulls on the electrons in a covalent bond

the electrons pull what direction in H20

towards oxygen

stores water in plant cells

vacuole E

ships materials around the cell

vesicles E

All of the following are part of a prokaryotic cell, EXCEPT -plasma membrane -er -cell wall -ribosomes

ER

which organelle is responsible for storing and regulating calcium ions in muscle cells

ER

makes proteins and lipids

ER E

electronegativity scale

O >> N> C = H

what organelle makes fats, phospholipids, and steroids

Smoot ER

prokaryotic cells do not possess

a nucleus

hydrogen bonds happen when ___

a partial positive end of one molecular bond attracts the partial negative end of another molecular bond in space

hydrogen bonds happen when...

a partial positive end of one molecular bond attracts the partial negative end of another molecular bond in space

the nucleolus ______

assembles ribosomal subunits

what is a major difference between the genetic material in eukaryotes and bacteria

bacteria have one circular chromosome; eukaryotes have multiple linear chromosomes

double bond

bend in chain

which of the following can be described as the smallest living unit

cell

rigid barrier that protects the call

cell wall E

makes food in plant cells

chloroplast E

what structure is common to all types of plant and animal cells

chromosome

the nucleus, an organelle found in eukaryotic cells, confines the __________, keeping them separated from other components of the cell

chromosomes

which of the following best describes the role of the lysosome

clean up, recycling, and disposal of macromolecules

sharing electrons

covalent

what is the term for a bond in which two atoms share a pair of electrons

covalent bond

interior contents of the cell

cytoplasm B

how do integral membrane proteins differ from peripheral membrane proteins in terms of their association with the lipid bilayer

Integral proteins are only found on the inner surface, while peripheral proteins are present on both sides of the membrane

weakest bond

hydrogen

weakest to strongest bonds

hydrogen > ionic > covalent

what bond would hydrogen and nitrogen be

hydrogen bond