Biology Unit 1
what condition forms a nonpolar covalent bond
electrons are shared between orbitals of two atoms with similar electronegativity
which term describes the process by which external materials are captured inside transport vesicles and brought into the cell?
endocytosis
mitochondria contain their own genome, can duplicate, and divide on a different time line from the rest of the cell. Nevertheless, mitochondria cannot function for long when isolated from the cell because they are
endosymbionts
cells that are specialized for the secretion of proteins are likely to have which of the following features
enlarged ER's
pieces of what organelle pinch off and become vesicles
golgi
which organelle is responsible for modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins for transport
golgi
sorts proteins
golgi E
in which type of cell would you expect to find an abundance of mitochondria
heart cell
let another take a valence electron
ionic
what is the primary function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum
lipid synthesis and detoxification
poly-unsaturated fatty acid
liquid and permeable
breaks down unwanted material
lysosomes E
functional ribosomes in eukaryotic animal cells are located in 1) free in the cytoplasm, 2) attached to Rough ER and 3) ________.
mitochondria
which organelle is responsible for producing energy in the form of ATP
mitochondria
makes energy for the cell
mitochondria B
which one does not support the endosymbiosis theory
mitochondria and chloroplasts have the same number of genes as most bacterial cells.
what genomes are typically composed of a singular circular chromosome
mitochondria, bacteria, chloroplast
if you receive electrons you become
negative
equal sharing of electrons
non polar
what bond is between C-C, C-H, H-H
non-polar bond
what is the tail of the lipid bilayer
non-polar, hydrophobic
the __________ is made up of two concentric membranes, and the outer membrane is continuous with the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum
nuclear envelope
stores genetic information
nucleus E
which is the partially negative ion in H20
oxygen
which of the following describes the electron distribution in the oxygen-hydrogen covalent bond of a water molecule
oxygen contributes more electrons
what are the small, membrane-bound organelles that provide a safe place within the cell to carry out biochemical reactions that generate and remove harmful, highly reactive oxygen species like superoxide and hydrogen peroxide
peroxisomes
which type of lipid is a major component of cell membranes
phospholipids
separates the cell from the environment
plasma membrane E
unequal sharing of electrons
polar
what bond is formed between oxygen and hydrogen
polar covalent bond
what is the term for the electron distribution in a covalent bond where electrons are shared unequally between atoms
polar covalent bonding
what is the head of the lipid bilayer
polar, hydrophilic
if you give your electrons you become
positive
a certain type of cell has an unusually high number of ribosomes. What might be the primary function of this cell
protein synthesis
what is the function of ribosomes in a cell
protein synthesis
would you expect to find in a cytosolic fraction prepared from cultured mammalian cell nucleolus
ribosomal subunits
makes protein
ribosomes B
what grabs the ER signal sequence and shuttles the ribosome to the translocon in the membrane of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?
signal recognition particle (SRP)
a cell is actively producing a large amount of lipids. Which organelle is likely to be highly active in this process
smooth ER
saturated fatty acid
solid
evaluate the importance of the endoplasmic reticulum in the synthesis, modification, and transport of cellular proteins
the ER plays a crucial role in protein synthesis, modification, and transport
why can't water vaporize easy
the hydrogen bonds
discuss the role of the nucleus in controlling cellular activities and hereditary information
the nucleus contains genetic material and controls cell functions by directing protein synthesis
what is electronegativity
the strength with which an atom pulls on the electrons in a covalent bond
the electrons pull what direction in H20
towards oxygen
stores water in plant cells
vacuole E
ships materials around the cell
vesicles E
All of the following are part of a prokaryotic cell, EXCEPT -plasma membrane -er -cell wall -ribosomes
ER
which organelle is responsible for storing and regulating calcium ions in muscle cells
ER
makes proteins and lipids
ER E
electronegativity scale
O >> N> C = H
what organelle makes fats, phospholipids, and steroids
Smoot ER
prokaryotic cells do not possess
a nucleus
hydrogen bonds happen when ___
a partial positive end of one molecular bond attracts the partial negative end of another molecular bond in space
hydrogen bonds happen when...
a partial positive end of one molecular bond attracts the partial negative end of another molecular bond in space
the nucleolus ______
assembles ribosomal subunits
what is a major difference between the genetic material in eukaryotes and bacteria
bacteria have one circular chromosome; eukaryotes have multiple linear chromosomes
double bond
bend in chain
which of the following can be described as the smallest living unit
cell
rigid barrier that protects the call
cell wall E
makes food in plant cells
chloroplast E
what structure is common to all types of plant and animal cells
chromosome
the nucleus, an organelle found in eukaryotic cells, confines the __________, keeping them separated from other components of the cell
chromosomes
which of the following best describes the role of the lysosome
clean up, recycling, and disposal of macromolecules
sharing electrons
covalent
what is the term for a bond in which two atoms share a pair of electrons
covalent bond
interior contents of the cell
cytoplasm B
how do integral membrane proteins differ from peripheral membrane proteins in terms of their association with the lipid bilayer
Integral proteins are only found on the inner surface, while peripheral proteins are present on both sides of the membrane
weakest bond
hydrogen
weakest to strongest bonds
hydrogen > ionic > covalent
what bond would hydrogen and nitrogen be
hydrogen bond