Final Exam RTV 3001

Leitmotiv

German for leading motif; specific use of predictive spun, a short musical phrase that accompanies the arrival of a particular character, action, or situation

Production Restrictions and Technical Limitations

TV sound is recorded with the pictures, live or not; any sound source must have a microphone at all times

Digital Video Effects

VDE: a great number of transitions, referred to as wipes; DVE wipes have similar effects to fades

Rhythm - structural function

a highly rhythmic sound track will help establish the tertiary motion beat even the visual editing is rhythmically uneven

Clock Time

a precise moment in time; start or stop; exists whether in real life or on fictional television

Metric Montage

a rhythmic structuring device; created simply by editing shots to equal or nearly equal length; you should be able to clap your hand with the rhythm

Sequential

a scene is condensed into its key developmental events; tells a story but the main event is not actually shown just implied; audience is forced to apply psychological closure, draws them into the scene through participation

Objective Time

all clock time events

Brave Heart Funeral Scene

an example of homophonic structures

Analytical Montage

analyze an even for its thematic and structural elements; select essential elements; synthesize those elements into an intensified screen event

Motion Vector Line

any motion vector other than a z-axis vector helps establish the motion vector line; your camera must go on one side of the motion vector line to maintain continuity

Z-axis Motion Vectors

as objects move toward or away from the camera, they produce z-axis vectors which have no directionality

Subject Continuity

avoid cutting from an extreme long shot to an extreme close-up; avoid cutting between extreme angles

Sound & Noise

both audible vibrations; noise is random; sound has a purpose; can be noise at one time, and sound at another time; noise becomes sound when a purpose is fulfilled

Secondary Motion

camera motions such as pan, tilt, pedestal, boom, dolly, truck, arc, and zoom

Location

certain sounds identify a specific location

Idea-Associative Comparison

choose sounds that are congruous to the event

Continuity Editing

clarification of an event through a smooth visual narrative

Historical-Geographical

created in about the same historical period, select music that fits the geographical area of the scene

Narration

describes and event or bridges various gaps in the continuity of a screen event

Timbre

describes the tone quality or tone color and depends on the amount and combination of overtones

Primary Motion

event motion that occurs in front of the camera

Sectional

examines isolated moment of an event from several viewpoints; independent of the cause-effect progression, but the order of shots is still important; sometimes shown as split screen images to promote the idea that the shots are simultaneous

Nivea Commercial

example analytical montage

March of the Penguins

example of Narration

The Office

example of direct address

All American Rejects

example of metric montage (clap clap clap)

Friday the 13

example of predictive sound and leitmotiv

Film Sound

film is primarily a visual medium; films can be made without sound

Dissolves

gradual transition from shot to shot; two images temporarily overlap

Graphic Vector Continuity

graphic vectors are weak, but still might be considered; keep it consistent unless you must move the camera to a new perspective during the shot

Editing Syntax

guide to the selection of specific shots and their narrative sequencing

Sequential Analytical

happens in one location; literal sounds that follow the visuals

Sequence Time

how long several related scenes run when added together; a subdivision of running time

Decay

how quickly a sound reaches its inaudible point

Target Object Continuity

if a person looking at an unseen object off-camera, the object should appear in a screen position that is consistent with the index vector created by the person's gaze

Diverging Motion Vectors

if our people pass each other and keep walking or running in opposite directions

Converging Index Vectors

if you begin with a 2-shot with two people looking at one another, maintain screen position in subsequent close-ups

Diverging Index Vectors

if you begin with a 2-shot with two people looking away from each other, maintain in subsequent close-ups

Continuing Index Vectors

if you start with an establishing shot of someone looking at an object, you must keep the index vector consistent when cutting to a close-up

Converging Motion Vectors

if you want two people to head toward each other, one from right to left, the other from left to right

Syntax of Continuity Editing

includes editing techniques used to seamless visual sequences and narrative flow

Cuts

instantaneous change from one image to another

Sound

integral part of video: music, sound effects, or dialogue

Color Continuity

keep colors and lighting consistent between shots unless you change to a different place or time

Running Time

length of a program; films are longer than TV shows

Scene Time

length of a scene; subdivision of sequence time

Shot Time

length of a shot; smallest operational unit in a film or TV; subdivision of scene time

Complexity Editing and Continuity Editing

main purpose of continuity editing is clarification of an event; the main purpose of complexity editing is intensification; complexity affects subjective time rather than objective time

Sound Perspective

match close-up pictures with close sounds

Basic Sound Structures

melody, harmony, homophony, polyphony

Sectional Analytical

multiple locations; literal sounds of that location should be heard, no matter how abrupt the transitions are

Energy

music and other nonliteral sounds can provide or add to a scene's aesthetic energy

Mood

music is the direct way of establishing mood; affects our emotions directly

Music & Vectors

music is used to enhance what is happening on screen; music can be translated into vectors which describe a line, a direction, a movement, and horizontal and vertical vectors

Index Vector Line

never cross the 180 degree axis; staying on the correct side of the line is essential to maintain continuity in close-ups

Wipe

new image pushes an old one off the screen; a switch in location or time

Nonliteral

nonliteral sounds include most background noise; music is the most frequent form

Subjective Time

not actual clock time but the passage of time that the viewer feels

Story Time

objective time span of a screen event

Motion Vector Continuity

operates on the same principles as index vector continuity

Tempo and Rate

perceived duration of the individual event sections; subdivisions of pace

Pace

perceived speed of the event

Direct Address

performer speaks directly to the audience from his or her screen position; makes the audience active dialogue partners, even if the dialogue is one-sided

Audio/Video Balance

picture and sound should be balanced in quality; many shows shot and broadcast in HD have 5.1 surround sound audio tracks along with them

Polyphonic Structures

pictures and sound seem to develop independently, but combine vertically into an intensified audiovisual experience

Z-axis Position Change

position switches occur when you cut from the font to the back of two people standing; the continuing index vectors all carry over, but they will jump screen positions

Loudness

referred to as dynamics; the strength of a tone as we receive it or the amplitude of a sound wave

Structural Functions

rhythm, figure/ground, sound perspective, sound continuity

Thematic

select sounds people expect to hear at certain events

Literary Syntax

sentences and phrases from words

Tertiary Motion

sequence motion, created by shot changes or transitions

Low-Definition Image

size of TV screen is relatively small; the picture resolution is low; sounds are added to supply additional information so the audience can keep track of what is going on; sounds are added to supply coherence and rhythmic structure to the picture sequence

External Condition

sound can indicate whether something is big or small, smooth or rough, high or low, old or new, fast or slow

Reflection of Reality

sound is a primary communication factor; all TV events happen within a specific sound environment and the sounds lend authenticity to the pictures

Time

sounds are a powerful indicator of time

Environment

sounds can be used to indicate spatial characteristics of an environment

Situation

sounds can describe a specific situation

Internal Condition

sounds can reflect disorientation, fear, or joy

Off-Screen Space

sounds from objects and scene elements that are not being shown add to a scene's impact

Space

specific sounds can help us reveal and define the location of an event, its spatial environment, and off-screen space

Jump Cut

subsequent shot is not sufficiently different in field or angle of view, and the image seems to jump in position on the screen

Collision

takes two opposite events and compares them in stark contrast to reinforce a basic idea or feeling

Idea Associative Montage

takes two seemingly disassociated events and puts them tother to create a third idea or concept (TERTIUM QUID) not contained in either of the first two events

Television Sound

television is an audiovisual medium

Diagesis

telling a story; diegetic sounds are referential, speech and environmental sounds, even sound effects

Continuing Motion Vectors

the direction of motion of an object cannot change from shot to shot

Rhythm

the flow within and among segments

Figure/Ground

the important sounds to be the figure while relegating other sounds as the background

Duration

the length of a sound, or how long we perceive a sound to be

Pitch

the relative highness or lowness of a sound (voices). Measured by frequency (Hertz)

Sound Continuity

the sound maintains its intended volume and quality over a series of edits

Idea-Associative Collision

the sound track will be contradictory to the event

Envelope

the whole process from initial attack to final decay

Information Function

to communicate specific information verbally through dialogue, direct address, or narration

Fades

transition to black or from black

Action Continuity

use cuts during the action to maintain continuity, not before or after it; if you cut during a secondary motion, you should continue the same motion in the next shot

Tonal

use sounds that fit the general mood and feeling of your screen event

Comparison

uses shots that compare and contrast two theatrically related events to reinforce a theme or basic idea; an inevitable influence on our perception of an event

Predictive Sound

using nonliteral sounds to forecast an upcoming event

Phasing

video and audio not toughly synchronized, out of phase, picture precedes the sound event or vice versa

Homophonic Structures

video is supported step-by-step with appropriate sound; contains the sounds that we would expect to hear with the visuals we are seeing

Saab Commercial

was compared to nature and is an example of idea-asssociative montage

Continuity of Environment

your scene should have the same elements in it from shot to shot; costumes and set pieces should remain consistent throughout a scene