BIOM 250 (Montana State University) Exam #2
resistance
Aretmisinin-based combination therapy ACT is used to prevent this in malaria
Southern (20-60% children affected)
Ascariasis endemic to which part of US
oral to fecal
Ascariasis has a true ______ route cycle
eggs
Ascariasis is transmitted to humans through eating this form from water or food
Ascariasis
Ascaris lumbricoides is the etiological agent of this disease
BSL 4
BSL level which works DANGEROUS (life threatening) and EXOTIC agents with NO (ready) TREATMENT Kept in SEPERATE building or controlled area within building Requires SUITS
BSL 2
BSL level which works things that are pathogenic to humans. OPEN benchtops (no special equip.) Specific training required ex: Streptococcus pneumoniae, measles virus, Toxoplasma, hepatitis B virus
BSL 3
BSL level which works with airborne pathogens that cause serious disease by inhalation kept in safety hoods (cabinets) Personal protective clothing and equip ex: human prions, hantavirus, West Nile virus, Mycobacterium, tuberculosis
BSL 1
BSL level which works with non pathogens (cannot cause disease) standard microbiological practices could work on open bench tops ex: Bacillus subtillis, E. coli strain K12, Lactobacillus acidophilus
anthrax
Bacillus anthracis is the etiologic agent of
asexually; binary fission
Bacteria reproduce _____ through a process called
schistosomiasis or bilharzia
Blood fluke disease is aka
a mite (arachnid)
Chiggers is caused by
Avian Flu
Disease which concerned Pres. Bush and US in 2005
mosquito vectors
Filariasis is transmitted to humans through
mosquito vector
Heart worm is transmitted by
skin lesions (from cercaria) eggs in feces or urine blood test
How do you diagnose blood flukes in body? 3 ways
hypersensitivity
Hygiene Hypothesis says that parts of immune system have evolved for parasite eradication but with good hygiene this has happend
1. ADULTS: mate and lay eggs in blood vessels of adult human liver 2. EGGS: eggs move from liver to intestine to feces to water (infected) 3. MIRACIDIUM: egg hatches to larva stage (miracidium) in water 4. SNAIL miracidium penetrates snail and becomes sporocyst 5. CERCARIA sporocysts are released into water as a cercarial form 6. CERCARIA TO ADULT Cercaria penetrate skin in the water and move to bloodstream and then back to liver
Life Cycle of Blood Fluke (6 steps)
pneumonia
Legionnaire's Disease causes which infection?
bacteria
Legionnaire's Disease is caused by which m/o
mist (water aerosols)
Legionnaire's Disease is spread through which substance
dermatophytes (skin fungus)
Ringworm is caused by this etiological agent
Pneumococcal pneumonia
Streptococcus pneumoniae is the etiological agent
waterfowl
Swimmer's Itch is a parasite of this animal
Clara Maass
US nurse that volunteered for the Yellow Fever cause. Survived once, died second infection Nursing Hall of Fame
Walter Reed
US physician that confirmed the theory that transmission of Yellow Fever if by mosquitoes conducted PERFECT experiment
Jesse Lazear
US physician that infected himself with yellow fever and died
eggs or proglottids in feces
diagnose beef tapeworm through
check feces for eggs and worms
diagnoses of Ascariasis
blood smear look for microfiliariae
diagnoses of Filariasis
isolate organism from clinical specium
diagnosis of anthrax
fungal (1 mole= many spores) resistant bacterial (1 veg cell=1 spore) VERY resistant
difference between fungal and bacteria spores
anthrax
disease from (often) occupational exposure of contact with animals, wool, hides, and meat
endospores
dormant stage of bacteria inside a vegetative cell contain DNA survive after veg cell is gone
gin
drink which people offered as remedy for Yellow Fever
penicillin
drug that inhibits peptidoglycan synthesis (cell wall synthesis)
opportunistic infections
endogenous nosocomial infections are seen as
double
endospores have a ____ membrane
soil
endospores often harbor in
lysozyme
enzyme found in tears, sweat, and saliva that DIGESTS peptidogylcan (breaks it down)
gram stain
example of a differential stain (one that uses 2 or more dyes to distinguish cell components)
Mycoplasma sp ("walking pneumonia")
example of a no cell wall bacterium
tuberculosis and leprosy
examples of acid fast bacteria
tetanus, botulism, anthrax
examples of bacteria with endospores
flukes (leaf shaped), tapeworms
examples of flatworms
nematodes
examples of roundworms
1. ingest cysticercus (larval form) 2. attaches to sm. intestine 3. matures into adult (10-20 m long)
explain pathogenesis of beef tapeworm
attachment pili
external cell structure that helps bacteria adhere to surfaces (some specialized)
conjugation pili
external cell structure that helps bacteria transfer DNA
glycocalx
external cell structure that is a polysaccharide (carb sticky coat) external to cell wall
flagella
external cell structure used for movement in some bacteria
malaria
fever and ague is a dated term for
larva
filariasis, elephantiasis, guinea worm, dracunculiasis, heartworm are infective through this form and hookworms, trichinellosis, filariasis
pork and dog tapeworms
flatworm helminths that can cause cysts in brain and organs causing seizures
respiratory
form of anthrax known as "Woolsorter's Disease" because fleece sheerers inhaled spores
sporulation
formation of endospore (within veg. cell) when conditions are POOR
germination
formation of veg. cell from endospore when conditions are good
cell wall
gives rigidity and shape to bacterial cell
intermediate host
has immature stage of parasite
definitive host
has mature, adult sexual stage of parasite
worms
helminths refer to these types of m/o's
smallpox polio
herd immunity helped eliminate this disease herd immunity will hopefully eliminate this disease
soil
hookworm penetrates skin through
larval
hookworm transmitted through this form
compromised host
host which has a weakened immunity or SUSCEPTIBILITY and is therefore more susceptible to a nosocomial infection in a hospital
diarrhea and weight loss
human hookworm causes
definitive
humans are the ______ host of beef tapeworm
definitive
humans are the ______ host of blood flukes
coccobacillus
in between spherical and elongated shape
3-6 days
incubation period for Yellow Fever
nosocomial infection
infections which are acquired through the hospital
cytoplasm
inside of bacterial cell that is mostly water
Christian Gram
invented gram stain
miracidium; water
larval stage of blood fluke is called and hatches in this substance
acid fast bacteria
less peptidoglycan waxy lipid layer grows slowly
1. egg hatches in intestine 2. larvae penetrates wall to access lymph vessels 3. larvae move to respitory tract, pharynx, then swallowed, then small intestine 4. Adult matures there and produces eggs that go to feces
life cycle of Ascariasis 4 steps
1. mosquito bites infected human and ingests microfilariae (in blood) 2. mature to larvae in mosquito 3. mosquito transmit larva to next person 4. larva move to blood, lymph glands and mature to adults 5. females release microfilariae
life cycle of Filariasis
1. larva emerges from blister in water 2. water fleas ingest larva 3. person ingest the water and larva are released in the stomach 4. Larva resist digestion and migrate to small intestine and penetrate intestinal wall 5. grow into adults and mate 6. Fertilized female usually move to lower body 7. year later, worm forms painful blister near the skin and blister bursts
life cycle of guinea worm
parasites and mosquitoes (to insecticides)
malaria resistance is caused by resistance in
10-20 days
malaria symptoms last this amount of time
chloroquine and artemisinin
man made treatments for malaria
spirillum
many curved spiral form of bacteria
vegetative cells
metabolically active cells are called REQUIRE SPECIFIC CONDITIONS (oxygen, viable conditions)
sexual
mosquito carries the stage of malaria
URINARY TRACT (40%)
most common site of nosocomial infections
1. E. coli 2. Staphylococcus aureus 3. Other pathogens 4. Streptococcus
most common types of m/o's which cause nosocomial infections
quarantine
separation of healthy, but exposed, persons from population. way of controlling transmission during incubation period where a person is kept aside for "40 days" RARE today Worked with SARS in 2003
blood, liver, RBC
simple disease progression of malaria
scolex
small head of tapeworm with suckers and/or hooks
intermediate
snails are the ______ host of blood flukes
exogenous
source of nosocomial infection that comes from the ENVIRONMENT
endogenous
source of nosocomial infection that comes from the patient's OWN normal flora
1. conditions are poor, form endospore core and septum 2. endospore in veg. cell forms double membrane, then cortex 3. Spore separates from mother cell 4. conditions favorable and mother cell reforms
sporulation cycle
True
T or F: there is not medicine OR vaccine to treat or prevent guinea worm
False, can be both macro and micro
T or F: Helminths are only macroscopic organsims
True
T or F: Hot water can kill Legionnaire's Disease bacteria
False
T or F: Legionnaire's Disease is spread person to person
False, Pneumococcal pneumonia has a thick capsule glycocalyx layer
T or F: Pneumococcal pneumonia has a thin slime layer glycocalyx
True
T or F: Pneumococcal pneumonia is transmitted through respiratory droplets (cough sneeze)
True
T or F: Pseudomonas aeruginosa causes septic shock and produces an endotoxin
False
T or F: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is NOT drug resistant
True
T or F: Pseudomonas aeruginosa produces a blue-green pigment
True, used only if traveling to endemic areas Around since 1930's
T or F: There is a vaccine for Yellow Fever
False, you can prevent yellow fever but you CAN'T treat it.
T or F: You cannot prevent yellow fever, but you CAN treat it
True
T or F: anthrax is in cattle in US
False humans = accidental infection
T or F: anthrax is spread person to person
True
T or F: bacteria has a cell membrane
T
T or F: beef tapeworm can be prevented through cooking beef
True, 12000-200000 deaths per year
T or F: blood flukes can be deadly
False
T or F: endospores are easily killed by heat, radiation, or chemicals
True most have one of each
T or F: flukes can live in both vertebrates and invertebrates
True
T or F: fungal diseases are opportunistic (affect immunocompromised)
True
T or F: if anthrax results in septicemia it is almost always fatal
True
T or F: many m/o's, including several bacteria, cause classic pneumonia
True
T or F: most protozoa are free living
False, sporulation is a way for cell to persist (1 to 1 relationship). no genetic change
T or F: sporulation is an example of reproduction
True
T or F: there are antibiotics for Pneumococcal pneumonia but there has been an increase in drug resistance
True, if caught early enough
T or F: there are antibiotics for anthrax
False there are currently no vaccines for any eukaryotic parasitic disease
T or F: there is a vaccine for malaria
True, oral medications
T or F: there is treatment of blood flukes
T
T or F: treatment of beef tape worm is oral medication
False
T or F: vector of chiggers if found in N. Amer.
beef tapeworm
Taenia saginata is the etiological agent of
guinea worm
The Carter Center puts efforts towards this disease
healthy human carriers
reservoir of Pneumococcal pneumonia
soil
reservoir of anthrax
snails
reservoir of blood flukes are
animals and infected people
reservoir of ringworm
immunocompromised, children, pregnant, elderly, lung illness, mold allergies
risk groups of mold include
gram negative bacteria
thin peptidoglycan layer PLUS OUTER MEMBRANE does not retain stains (light pink or red)
slime layer
thinner layer of glycocalx
intestinal
this form of anthrax causes bloody diarrhea and nausea, ulcerative lesions in GI tract, and has a 50% mortality rate
respiratory
this form of anthrax is characterized by fever, cough, and septicemia and has a 100% mortality rate
cutaneous
this form of anthrax is localized as a black scab with mortality rate of 10-20% without treatment
acute Yellow Fever
this phase of Yellow Fever is characterized by headache, muscle aches, fever, and nausea 3-4 days
toxic phase
this phase of Yellow Fever is characterized by: jaundice bleeding from openings black vomit ("coffee grounds") 50% mortality (~2 weeks)
guinea worm
this worm is also known as dracunculiasis because the disease burns
vibrio, spirillum, spirochete
three types of spiral bacteria
beard (barber's itch)
tinea barbae is ringworm of the
scalp
tinea capitis is ringworm of the
groin (jock itch)
tinea cruris is ringworm of the
worm
tinea is latin for
feet (athlete's foot)
tinea pedis is ringworm of the
nails
tinea unguium is ringworm of the
eating undercooked beef measly beef
transmission of beef tapeworms happens through
fomites (contaminated objects: combs, shoes, clothes, nail clippers, shower stalls)
transmission of ringworm is through
quinine
treatment for malaria which originated in peru and comes from a bark used in tonic water bitter taste mode of action not understood outdated
medication wrap swollen limbs
treatment of Filariasis
topical anti-fungal ointment oral medication if widespread (or for nails)
treatment of ringworm is
T-oral medication PC- Sanitation
treatment, prevention, control of Ascariasis
spirochete
twisted and many curved spiral form of bacteria ex: syphilis
exogenous and endogenous
two sources of nosocomial infections
Flatworms and roundworms
two types of helminths
conjugation and attachment
two types of pili
agricultural bioterrorism
type of bioterrorism which causes damage to plant/animals and results in economic and food loss
biosafety levels
type of isolation used in lab
anthrax, botulism, plague, smal pox, tularemia, Ebola, Marburg
types of Category A bioterrorism
food and water safety threats, zoonoses (brucellosis, glanders, psittacosis), toxins (ricin, epsilon, staph, enterotoxin B), ricekttsial (q fever, typhus)
types of Category B bioterrorism
Nipah, hanta, emerging disease
types of Category C bioterrorism
other patients, staff, visitors, insects, fomites, equipment, air, water
types of exogenous sources for nosocomial infections
25%
untreated Pneumococcal pneumonia results in this mortality %
helminthic therapy
used to treat autoimmune disorders and allergies
"Prevnar"
vaccine of Pneumococcal pneumonia which is used for children MINIMIZED meningitis
1. cell splits through binary fission 2. forms to daughter cells
vegetative cell cycle
immunization
way of controlling transmission (includes herd immunity, immunization, and recovery of illness) which nearly eradicated the polio virus, measles, mumps and diptheria
vector control
way of controlling transmission by controlling vectors which spread disease
m/o in wrong part of body, patient as lower resistance
ways for endogenous sources to form nosocomial infections
1. infection control specialist 2. handwashing (#1) 3. sterile equipment 4. gloves 5. insect control
ways to prevent and control nosocomial infections (5 ways)
pleomorphic
word for when a pure culture contains varying shapes
gram variable
word for when a pure culture contains varying stain color
cercarial
_____ form of swimmer's itch causes itchy reaction
skin lesions
cat and dog hookworm causes this in humans
intermediate
cattle are the _______ host of beef tapeworms
schistosomiasis
caused by 4 varieties of blood flukes female lives inside male and remain bonded
staphylo-
cell arrangement where bacterias is clustered like a grape
strepto-
cell arrangement where bacterias is in long chain
tetrad-
cell arrangement where bacterias is in packet of 4
diplo-
cell arrangement where bacterias is paired in two
ribosome
cell structure responsible for protein synthesis
plasmids
cell structure that are small extra pieces of non-essential genes but are DNA nonetheless
tapeworm
cestode is another name for
immune response allergy mechanical damage enzymatic damage
chigger wounds are a complex combo of
tissue damage (from eggs lodged in tissue)
chronic symptoms of blood flukes
dry expose to light
clean mold by (2 ways)
blood (sporozoites) liver (replicate and release) RBC (replicate to trophozoites) RBC rupture and release gamocytes
complex disease progression of malaria
sanitation irrigation of clean water fertilizer without feces
control beef tapeworm in 3 ways
treat all infected persons
control of filariasis
peptidoglycan
cross linking molecule that makes up cell wall
universal precautions
recommendations from CDC to avoid contact with bodily fluids
ringworm
red, scaly, itchy patches bald sports thick nails are all symptoms of this disease (mild)
spiral
refers to the curve or many curved shape of bacteria
bacillus, bacilli
refers to the elongated rod shape of bacteria
coccus, cocci
refers to the spherical shape of bacteria
pleomorphic
refers to the various shaped bacteria ex: diptheria
Aware Bitten (avoid) Chemoprophylaxis (suppress infection) Diagnosis (if fever develops)
ABCD of malaria protection
heartworm
Adult form of this disease blocks heart in dogs and cats
Yellow Fever
Aedes aegypti is the mosquito vector for which disease
Vaccination, mosquito control, surveillance for outbreak in high risk areas
Prevention tactics for yellow fever
13; 90
Prevnar covers ____ of the ___ forms of Pneumococcal pneumonia
P. malariae
"chronic" form of malaria that is less severe but can still cause long term problems
1. cutaneous (90%) 2. respiratory 3. intestinal
3 forms of anthrax transmission
cilia, flagella, amoebas-pseudopods, non-motile
4 classifications for protozoa motility
Malaria
4 species of protozoan Plasmodium spp cause
Carlos Finlay
A cuban who was the first person to suggest that Yellow Fever is transmitted by mosquitoes
agglutinates them
P. falciparum does this to RBCs
black water fever
P. falciparum malaria is also called because it causes blood in urine and kidney failure
1 ear 2 sinusitis 3 bronchitis 4 septicemia 5 meningitis
Pneumococcal pneumonia can cause the 5 following infections
positive diplococcus
Pneumococcal pneumonia is which gram stain and shape
Pneumovax
Pneumococcal pneumonia vaccine for elderly
23; 90
Pneumovax works for ___ of the ____ known forms of Pneumococcal pneumonia
burns, septic shock, cystic fibrosis patients
Pseudomonas aeruginosa can be caused by three main factors
gram-negative rod
Pseudomonas aeruginosa has this shape and stain
Water and Soil
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is commonly found in these environments
bacteria
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is this type of m/o
Filariasis
Wuchereia bancrofti is the etiological agent of
virus
Yellow Fever is caused by which kind of m/o
South America and Africa
Yellow Fever is endemic to which two continents
25 years in host
adult form of beef tapeworm can live
artemisia
ancient Chinese herbal remedy for malaria
malaria
anopheles mosquito transmit this disease as the vector
pneumococcus
another name for Pneumococcal pneumonia is
fimbriae
another name of pili
food, respiratory, wound
anthrax can be spread through:
gram + rod
anthrax characterized by this shape and gram stain
cattle
anthrax is a disease of
animal disease spread to humans
anthrax is an example of a zoonoses because
pregnant women and children
at risk groups for malaria
gram positive bacteria
bacteria has thick peptidoglycan layer and therefore retains stain (blue and purple)
no cell wall bacteria
bacteria that has no regular structure and is soft and pliable
nuclear region or nucleoid
bacterial DNA and chromosome are not contained in a nucleus but are a part of the
Category C bioterrorism
bioterrorism type characterized by: emergining pathogens that may be ENGINEERED for mass spread AVAILABLE EASY to produce and spread HIGH MMR
Category B bioterrorism
bioterrorism type characterized by: moderate or easy spread moderate morbidity low mortality
Category A bioterrorism
bioterrorism type characterized by: person-to-person spread high mortality public panic
4-20 years
blood flukes can live anywhere from
proglottids
body segments of tapeworms which are hermaphroditic (rare), mature ones are full of eggs and these break off into feces
eggs in the soil from human feces
reservoir of Ascariasis
P. falciparum
most serious form of malaria is and is responsible for 95% of malaria deaths
sputum
need _______ culture of G + diplococci and WBCs to diagnose Pneumococcal pneumonia (with confirmatory chemical tests)
200,000 30,000
number of cases AND deaths of Yellow Fever each year
Legionnaire's Disease
older smokers and older drinkers are at high risk for which disease
vibrio
one curve spiral form of bacteria (eye brow shape) ex: cholera
parasite
organisms which live at the expense of the host organism reproducing machines!!!
larva in lungs (damage) adults in intestine (malnutrition and blockage) migrating adults (emerge from nose and nasal)
pathogenesis of Ascariasis
adult worms block lymph fluid accumulates (elephantiasis)
pathogenesis of Filariasis
bacteria evade phagocytes (capsule)
pathogenesis of Pneumococcal pneumonia
bacteria prod. exotoxins exotoxins causes edema (swelling), tissue destr. and bleeding kills macrophages (phagocytic WBC's)
pathogenesis of anthrax
eggs get lodged in tissues
pathogenesis of blood flukes
isolation
patient prevented from contact with general population also used in lab
~15%
percent of people who go to the toxic phase of yellow fever
10
percentage of people in hospital that acquire nosocomial infection
biological vector
physical transmission occurs through this because parasite has some life cycle in the vector
mechanical vector
physical transmission occurs through this but parasite has no life cycle in vector
eggs (larvae in eggs)
pinworm and ascariasis are infective through this form of worm
guinea worm
pipe filters help prevent this disease
avoid contaminated water sanitation eliminate host snail
prevention and control of blood flukes include
mosquito control
prevention of Filariasis
vaccines for high risk groups vaccines for animals antibiotics
prevention of anthrax includes
mosquito control, bed nets, treatment
prevention of malaria include
surgery, catheters (i.v., urinary), respiratory devices, use of anti-biotics
procedures that contribute to nosocomial infections (4)
motility
protozoans are classified by type of:
attachment (to teeth like plaque) prevents drying out protects bacteria from hosts defenses
purpose of glycocalx
infected humans
reservoir of Filariasis
anemia diarrhea/malnutrition fever skin itch
subclinical symptoms of blood flukes
Bruce Ivins
suspect of anthrax mystery from 2001 to 2008
malnutrition most asymptomatic
symptoms of Ascariasis
elephantiasis, swollen limbs, scrotum
symptoms of Filariasis
mild resp, high fever and chills, chest pain, cough, bloody sputum (lung stuff)
symptoms of Pneumococcal pneumonia
asymptomatic malnutrition proglottids may spontaneously migrate from body (motile)
symptoms of beef tapeworm
fever, shaking, chills, aches, fatigue, nausea
symptoms of malaria
Yellow Fever
systemic disease via lymphatic system and blood to organs: liver, kidneys (jaundice), etc.
Hanta virus
the disease concerned the world in 1993 b/c of trapped rodents
Eastern Equine Encephalitis
the disease concerned the world in 1996
SARS
the disease concerned the world in 2003
Legionnaire's Disease
the disease scarred Bellevue Stratford
presenteeism
the idea that people must go to work even went sick. helps spread disease
pinworm
the most common round worm infection in US is?
superficial
the pathogenesis of ringworm is
herd immunity
the proportion of individuals in a population who are immune to a disease by vaccine or recovery HELPS PROTECT those who are not immune only relevant for contagious disease
Flukes
these flatworms have complex life cycles with several host (up to 3) many variations (lung, liver, blood)
P. vivax and P. ovale
these forms of malaria cause relapsing fevers
superficial
these type of human fungal disease affect skin, hair, and nails
subcutaneous
these type of human fungal disease infect below the skin
systemic
these type of human fungal disease invade organs
Flatworms
these types of helminths are mostly free-living the parasitic types have suckers or hooks for attachment examples are flukes and tapeworms
capsule (like jelly bean)
thicker layer of glycocalx
