BIOM 250 (Montana State University) Exam #2

resistance

Aretmisinin-based combination therapy ACT is used to prevent this in malaria

Southern (20-60% children affected)

Ascariasis endemic to which part of US

oral to fecal

Ascariasis has a true ______ route cycle

eggs

Ascariasis is transmitted to humans through eating this form from water or food

Ascariasis

Ascaris lumbricoides is the etiological agent of this disease

BSL 4

BSL level which works DANGEROUS (life threatening) and EXOTIC agents with NO (ready) TREATMENT Kept in SEPERATE building or controlled area within building Requires SUITS

BSL 2

BSL level which works things that are pathogenic to humans. OPEN benchtops (no special equip.) Specific training required ex: Streptococcus pneumoniae, measles virus, Toxoplasma, hepatitis B virus

BSL 3

BSL level which works with airborne pathogens that cause serious disease by inhalation kept in safety hoods (cabinets) Personal protective clothing and equip ex: human prions, hantavirus, West Nile virus, Mycobacterium, tuberculosis

BSL 1

BSL level which works with non pathogens (cannot cause disease) standard microbiological practices could work on open bench tops ex: Bacillus subtillis, E. coli strain K12, Lactobacillus acidophilus

anthrax

Bacillus anthracis is the etiologic agent of

asexually; binary fission

Bacteria reproduce _____ through a process called

schistosomiasis or bilharzia

Blood fluke disease is aka

a mite (arachnid)

Chiggers is caused by

Avian Flu

Disease which concerned Pres. Bush and US in 2005

mosquito vectors

Filariasis is transmitted to humans through

mosquito vector

Heart worm is transmitted by

skin lesions (from cercaria) eggs in feces or urine blood test

How do you diagnose blood flukes in body? 3 ways

hypersensitivity

Hygiene Hypothesis says that parts of immune system have evolved for parasite eradication but with good hygiene this has happend

1. ADULTS: mate and lay eggs in blood vessels of adult human liver 2. EGGS: eggs move from liver to intestine to feces to water (infected) 3. MIRACIDIUM: egg hatches to larva stage (miracidium) in water 4. SNAIL miracidium penetrates snail and becomes sporocyst 5. CERCARIA sporocysts are released into water as a cercarial form 6. CERCARIA TO ADULT Cercaria penetrate skin in the water and move to bloodstream and then back to liver

Life Cycle of Blood Fluke (6 steps)

pneumonia

Legionnaire's Disease causes which infection?

bacteria

Legionnaire's Disease is caused by which m/o

mist (water aerosols)

Legionnaire's Disease is spread through which substance

dermatophytes (skin fungus)

Ringworm is caused by this etiological agent

Pneumococcal pneumonia

Streptococcus pneumoniae is the etiological agent

waterfowl

Swimmer's Itch is a parasite of this animal

Clara Maass

US nurse that volunteered for the Yellow Fever cause. Survived once, died second infection Nursing Hall of Fame

Walter Reed

US physician that confirmed the theory that transmission of Yellow Fever if by mosquitoes conducted PERFECT experiment

Jesse Lazear

US physician that infected himself with yellow fever and died

eggs or proglottids in feces

diagnose beef tapeworm through

check feces for eggs and worms

diagnoses of Ascariasis

blood smear look for microfiliariae

diagnoses of Filariasis

isolate organism from clinical specium

diagnosis of anthrax

fungal (1 mole= many spores) resistant bacterial (1 veg cell=1 spore) VERY resistant

difference between fungal and bacteria spores

anthrax

disease from (often) occupational exposure of contact with animals, wool, hides, and meat

endospores

dormant stage of bacteria inside a vegetative cell contain DNA survive after veg cell is gone

gin

drink which people offered as remedy for Yellow Fever

penicillin

drug that inhibits peptidoglycan synthesis (cell wall synthesis)

opportunistic infections

endogenous nosocomial infections are seen as

double

endospores have a ____ membrane

soil

endospores often harbor in

lysozyme

enzyme found in tears, sweat, and saliva that DIGESTS peptidogylcan (breaks it down)

gram stain

example of a differential stain (one that uses 2 or more dyes to distinguish cell components)

Mycoplasma sp ("walking pneumonia")

example of a no cell wall bacterium

tuberculosis and leprosy

examples of acid fast bacteria

tetanus, botulism, anthrax

examples of bacteria with endospores

flukes (leaf shaped), tapeworms

examples of flatworms

nematodes

examples of roundworms

1. ingest cysticercus (larval form) 2. attaches to sm. intestine 3. matures into adult (10-20 m long)

explain pathogenesis of beef tapeworm

attachment pili

external cell structure that helps bacteria adhere to surfaces (some specialized)

conjugation pili

external cell structure that helps bacteria transfer DNA

glycocalx

external cell structure that is a polysaccharide (carb sticky coat) external to cell wall

flagella

external cell structure used for movement in some bacteria

malaria

fever and ague is a dated term for

larva

filariasis, elephantiasis, guinea worm, dracunculiasis, heartworm are infective through this form and hookworms, trichinellosis, filariasis

pork and dog tapeworms

flatworm helminths that can cause cysts in brain and organs causing seizures

respiratory

form of anthrax known as "Woolsorter's Disease" because fleece sheerers inhaled spores

sporulation

formation of endospore (within veg. cell) when conditions are POOR

germination

formation of veg. cell from endospore when conditions are good

cell wall

gives rigidity and shape to bacterial cell

intermediate host

has immature stage of parasite

definitive host

has mature, adult sexual stage of parasite

worms

helminths refer to these types of m/o's

smallpox polio

herd immunity helped eliminate this disease herd immunity will hopefully eliminate this disease

soil

hookworm penetrates skin through

larval

hookworm transmitted through this form

compromised host

host which has a weakened immunity or SUSCEPTIBILITY and is therefore more susceptible to a nosocomial infection in a hospital

diarrhea and weight loss

human hookworm causes

definitive

humans are the ______ host of beef tapeworm

definitive

humans are the ______ host of blood flukes

coccobacillus

in between spherical and elongated shape

3-6 days

incubation period for Yellow Fever

nosocomial infection

infections which are acquired through the hospital

cytoplasm

inside of bacterial cell that is mostly water

Christian Gram

invented gram stain

miracidium; water

larval stage of blood fluke is called and hatches in this substance

acid fast bacteria

less peptidoglycan waxy lipid layer grows slowly

1. egg hatches in intestine 2. larvae penetrates wall to access lymph vessels 3. larvae move to respitory tract, pharynx, then swallowed, then small intestine 4. Adult matures there and produces eggs that go to feces

life cycle of Ascariasis 4 steps

1. mosquito bites infected human and ingests microfilariae (in blood) 2. mature to larvae in mosquito 3. mosquito transmit larva to next person 4. larva move to blood, lymph glands and mature to adults 5. females release microfilariae

life cycle of Filariasis

1. larva emerges from blister in water 2. water fleas ingest larva 3. person ingest the water and larva are released in the stomach 4. Larva resist digestion and migrate to small intestine and penetrate intestinal wall 5. grow into adults and mate 6. Fertilized female usually move to lower body 7. year later, worm forms painful blister near the skin and blister bursts

life cycle of guinea worm

parasites and mosquitoes (to insecticides)

malaria resistance is caused by resistance in

10-20 days

malaria symptoms last this amount of time

chloroquine and artemisinin

man made treatments for malaria

spirillum

many curved spiral form of bacteria

vegetative cells

metabolically active cells are called REQUIRE SPECIFIC CONDITIONS (oxygen, viable conditions)

sexual

mosquito carries the stage of malaria

URINARY TRACT (40%)

most common site of nosocomial infections

1. E. coli 2. Staphylococcus aureus 3. Other pathogens 4. Streptococcus

most common types of m/o's which cause nosocomial infections

quarantine

separation of healthy, but exposed, persons from population. way of controlling transmission during incubation period where a person is kept aside for "40 days" RARE today Worked with SARS in 2003

blood, liver, RBC

simple disease progression of malaria

scolex

small head of tapeworm with suckers and/or hooks

intermediate

snails are the ______ host of blood flukes

exogenous

source of nosocomial infection that comes from the ENVIRONMENT

endogenous

source of nosocomial infection that comes from the patient's OWN normal flora

1. conditions are poor, form endospore core and septum 2. endospore in veg. cell forms double membrane, then cortex 3. Spore separates from mother cell 4. conditions favorable and mother cell reforms

sporulation cycle

True

T or F: there is not medicine OR vaccine to treat or prevent guinea worm

False, can be both macro and micro

T or F: Helminths are only macroscopic organsims

True

T or F: Hot water can kill Legionnaire's Disease bacteria

False

T or F: Legionnaire's Disease is spread person to person

False, Pneumococcal pneumonia has a thick capsule glycocalyx layer

T or F: Pneumococcal pneumonia has a thin slime layer glycocalyx

True

T or F: Pneumococcal pneumonia is transmitted through respiratory droplets (cough sneeze)

True

T or F: Pseudomonas aeruginosa causes septic shock and produces an endotoxin

False

T or F: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is NOT drug resistant

True

T or F: Pseudomonas aeruginosa produces a blue-green pigment

True, used only if traveling to endemic areas Around since 1930's

T or F: There is a vaccine for Yellow Fever

False, you can prevent yellow fever but you CAN'T treat it.

T or F: You cannot prevent yellow fever, but you CAN treat it

True

T or F: anthrax is in cattle in US

False humans = accidental infection

T or F: anthrax is spread person to person

True

T or F: bacteria has a cell membrane

T

T or F: beef tapeworm can be prevented through cooking beef

True, 12000-200000 deaths per year

T or F: blood flukes can be deadly

False

T or F: endospores are easily killed by heat, radiation, or chemicals

True most have one of each

T or F: flukes can live in both vertebrates and invertebrates

True

T or F: fungal diseases are opportunistic (affect immunocompromised)

True

T or F: if anthrax results in septicemia it is almost always fatal

True

T or F: many m/o's, including several bacteria, cause classic pneumonia

True

T or F: most protozoa are free living

False, sporulation is a way for cell to persist (1 to 1 relationship). no genetic change

T or F: sporulation is an example of reproduction

True

T or F: there are antibiotics for Pneumococcal pneumonia but there has been an increase in drug resistance

True, if caught early enough

T or F: there are antibiotics for anthrax

False there are currently no vaccines for any eukaryotic parasitic disease

T or F: there is a vaccine for malaria

True, oral medications

T or F: there is treatment of blood flukes

T

T or F: treatment of beef tape worm is oral medication

False

T or F: vector of chiggers if found in N. Amer.

beef tapeworm

Taenia saginata is the etiological agent of

guinea worm

The Carter Center puts efforts towards this disease

healthy human carriers

reservoir of Pneumococcal pneumonia

soil

reservoir of anthrax

snails

reservoir of blood flukes are

animals and infected people

reservoir of ringworm

immunocompromised, children, pregnant, elderly, lung illness, mold allergies

risk groups of mold include

gram negative bacteria

thin peptidoglycan layer PLUS OUTER MEMBRANE does not retain stains (light pink or red)

slime layer

thinner layer of glycocalx

intestinal

this form of anthrax causes bloody diarrhea and nausea, ulcerative lesions in GI tract, and has a 50% mortality rate

respiratory

this form of anthrax is characterized by fever, cough, and septicemia and has a 100% mortality rate

cutaneous

this form of anthrax is localized as a black scab with mortality rate of 10-20% without treatment

acute Yellow Fever

this phase of Yellow Fever is characterized by headache, muscle aches, fever, and nausea 3-4 days

toxic phase

this phase of Yellow Fever is characterized by: jaundice bleeding from openings black vomit ("coffee grounds") 50% mortality (~2 weeks)

guinea worm

this worm is also known as dracunculiasis because the disease burns

vibrio, spirillum, spirochete

three types of spiral bacteria

beard (barber's itch)

tinea barbae is ringworm of the

scalp

tinea capitis is ringworm of the

groin (jock itch)

tinea cruris is ringworm of the

worm

tinea is latin for

feet (athlete's foot)

tinea pedis is ringworm of the

nails

tinea unguium is ringworm of the

eating undercooked beef measly beef

transmission of beef tapeworms happens through

fomites (contaminated objects: combs, shoes, clothes, nail clippers, shower stalls)

transmission of ringworm is through

quinine

treatment for malaria which originated in peru and comes from a bark used in tonic water bitter taste mode of action not understood outdated

medication wrap swollen limbs

treatment of Filariasis

topical anti-fungal ointment oral medication if widespread (or for nails)

treatment of ringworm is

T-oral medication PC- Sanitation

treatment, prevention, control of Ascariasis

spirochete

twisted and many curved spiral form of bacteria ex: syphilis

exogenous and endogenous

two sources of nosocomial infections

Flatworms and roundworms

two types of helminths

conjugation and attachment

two types of pili

agricultural bioterrorism

type of bioterrorism which causes damage to plant/animals and results in economic and food loss

biosafety levels

type of isolation used in lab

anthrax, botulism, plague, smal pox, tularemia, Ebola, Marburg

types of Category A bioterrorism

food and water safety threats, zoonoses (brucellosis, glanders, psittacosis), toxins (ricin, epsilon, staph, enterotoxin B), ricekttsial (q fever, typhus)

types of Category B bioterrorism

Nipah, hanta, emerging disease

types of Category C bioterrorism

other patients, staff, visitors, insects, fomites, equipment, air, water

types of exogenous sources for nosocomial infections

25%

untreated Pneumococcal pneumonia results in this mortality %

helminthic therapy

used to treat autoimmune disorders and allergies

"Prevnar"

vaccine of Pneumococcal pneumonia which is used for children MINIMIZED meningitis

1. cell splits through binary fission 2. forms to daughter cells

vegetative cell cycle

immunization

way of controlling transmission (includes herd immunity, immunization, and recovery of illness) which nearly eradicated the polio virus, measles, mumps and diptheria

vector control

way of controlling transmission by controlling vectors which spread disease

m/o in wrong part of body, patient as lower resistance

ways for endogenous sources to form nosocomial infections

1. infection control specialist 2. handwashing (#1) 3. sterile equipment 4. gloves 5. insect control

ways to prevent and control nosocomial infections (5 ways)

pleomorphic

word for when a pure culture contains varying shapes

gram variable

word for when a pure culture contains varying stain color

cercarial

_____ form of swimmer's itch causes itchy reaction

skin lesions

cat and dog hookworm causes this in humans

intermediate

cattle are the _______ host of beef tapeworms

schistosomiasis

caused by 4 varieties of blood flukes female lives inside male and remain bonded

staphylo-

cell arrangement where bacterias is clustered like a grape

strepto-

cell arrangement where bacterias is in long chain

tetrad-

cell arrangement where bacterias is in packet of 4

diplo-

cell arrangement where bacterias is paired in two

ribosome

cell structure responsible for protein synthesis

plasmids

cell structure that are small extra pieces of non-essential genes but are DNA nonetheless

tapeworm

cestode is another name for

immune response allergy mechanical damage enzymatic damage

chigger wounds are a complex combo of

tissue damage (from eggs lodged in tissue)

chronic symptoms of blood flukes

dry expose to light

clean mold by (2 ways)

blood (sporozoites) liver (replicate and release) RBC (replicate to trophozoites) RBC rupture and release gamocytes

complex disease progression of malaria

sanitation irrigation of clean water fertilizer without feces

control beef tapeworm in 3 ways

treat all infected persons

control of filariasis

peptidoglycan

cross linking molecule that makes up cell wall

universal precautions

recommendations from CDC to avoid contact with bodily fluids

ringworm

red, scaly, itchy patches bald sports thick nails are all symptoms of this disease (mild)

spiral

refers to the curve or many curved shape of bacteria

bacillus, bacilli

refers to the elongated rod shape of bacteria

coccus, cocci

refers to the spherical shape of bacteria

pleomorphic

refers to the various shaped bacteria ex: diptheria

Aware Bitten (avoid) Chemoprophylaxis (suppress infection) Diagnosis (if fever develops)

ABCD of malaria protection

heartworm

Adult form of this disease blocks heart in dogs and cats

Yellow Fever

Aedes aegypti is the mosquito vector for which disease

Vaccination, mosquito control, surveillance for outbreak in high risk areas

Prevention tactics for yellow fever

13; 90

Prevnar covers ____ of the ___ forms of Pneumococcal pneumonia

P. malariae

"chronic" form of malaria that is less severe but can still cause long term problems

1. cutaneous (90%) 2. respiratory 3. intestinal

3 forms of anthrax transmission

cilia, flagella, amoebas-pseudopods, non-motile

4 classifications for protozoa motility

Malaria

4 species of protozoan Plasmodium spp cause

Carlos Finlay

A cuban who was the first person to suggest that Yellow Fever is transmitted by mosquitoes

agglutinates them

P. falciparum does this to RBCs

black water fever

P. falciparum malaria is also called because it causes blood in urine and kidney failure

1 ear 2 sinusitis 3 bronchitis 4 septicemia 5 meningitis

Pneumococcal pneumonia can cause the 5 following infections

positive diplococcus

Pneumococcal pneumonia is which gram stain and shape

Pneumovax

Pneumococcal pneumonia vaccine for elderly

23; 90

Pneumovax works for ___ of the ____ known forms of Pneumococcal pneumonia

burns, septic shock, cystic fibrosis patients

Pseudomonas aeruginosa can be caused by three main factors

gram-negative rod

Pseudomonas aeruginosa has this shape and stain

Water and Soil

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is commonly found in these environments

bacteria

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is this type of m/o

Filariasis

Wuchereia bancrofti is the etiological agent of

virus

Yellow Fever is caused by which kind of m/o

South America and Africa

Yellow Fever is endemic to which two continents

25 years in host

adult form of beef tapeworm can live

artemisia

ancient Chinese herbal remedy for malaria

malaria

anopheles mosquito transmit this disease as the vector

pneumococcus

another name for Pneumococcal pneumonia is

fimbriae

another name of pili

food, respiratory, wound

anthrax can be spread through:

gram + rod

anthrax characterized by this shape and gram stain

cattle

anthrax is a disease of

animal disease spread to humans

anthrax is an example of a zoonoses because

pregnant women and children

at risk groups for malaria

gram positive bacteria

bacteria has thick peptidoglycan layer and therefore retains stain (blue and purple)

no cell wall bacteria

bacteria that has no regular structure and is soft and pliable

nuclear region or nucleoid

bacterial DNA and chromosome are not contained in a nucleus but are a part of the

Category C bioterrorism

bioterrorism type characterized by: emergining pathogens that may be ENGINEERED for mass spread AVAILABLE EASY to produce and spread HIGH MMR

Category B bioterrorism

bioterrorism type characterized by: moderate or easy spread moderate morbidity low mortality

Category A bioterrorism

bioterrorism type characterized by: person-to-person spread high mortality public panic

4-20 years

blood flukes can live anywhere from

proglottids

body segments of tapeworms which are hermaphroditic (rare), mature ones are full of eggs and these break off into feces

eggs in the soil from human feces

reservoir of Ascariasis

P. falciparum

most serious form of malaria is and is responsible for 95% of malaria deaths

sputum

need _______ culture of G + diplococci and WBCs to diagnose Pneumococcal pneumonia (with confirmatory chemical tests)

200,000 30,000

number of cases AND deaths of Yellow Fever each year

Legionnaire's Disease

older smokers and older drinkers are at high risk for which disease

vibrio

one curve spiral form of bacteria (eye brow shape) ex: cholera

parasite

organisms which live at the expense of the host organism reproducing machines!!!

larva in lungs (damage) adults in intestine (malnutrition and blockage) migrating adults (emerge from nose and nasal)

pathogenesis of Ascariasis

adult worms block lymph fluid accumulates (elephantiasis)

pathogenesis of Filariasis

bacteria evade phagocytes (capsule)

pathogenesis of Pneumococcal pneumonia

bacteria prod. exotoxins exotoxins causes edema (swelling), tissue destr. and bleeding kills macrophages (phagocytic WBC's)

pathogenesis of anthrax

eggs get lodged in tissues

pathogenesis of blood flukes

isolation

patient prevented from contact with general population also used in lab

~15%

percent of people who go to the toxic phase of yellow fever

10

percentage of people in hospital that acquire nosocomial infection

biological vector

physical transmission occurs through this because parasite has some life cycle in the vector

mechanical vector

physical transmission occurs through this but parasite has no life cycle in vector

eggs (larvae in eggs)

pinworm and ascariasis are infective through this form of worm

guinea worm

pipe filters help prevent this disease

avoid contaminated water sanitation eliminate host snail

prevention and control of blood flukes include

mosquito control

prevention of Filariasis

vaccines for high risk groups vaccines for animals antibiotics

prevention of anthrax includes

mosquito control, bed nets, treatment

prevention of malaria include

surgery, catheters (i.v., urinary), respiratory devices, use of anti-biotics

procedures that contribute to nosocomial infections (4)

motility

protozoans are classified by type of:

attachment (to teeth like plaque) prevents drying out protects bacteria from hosts defenses

purpose of glycocalx

infected humans

reservoir of Filariasis

anemia diarrhea/malnutrition fever skin itch

subclinical symptoms of blood flukes

Bruce Ivins

suspect of anthrax mystery from 2001 to 2008

malnutrition most asymptomatic

symptoms of Ascariasis

elephantiasis, swollen limbs, scrotum

symptoms of Filariasis

mild resp, high fever and chills, chest pain, cough, bloody sputum (lung stuff)

symptoms of Pneumococcal pneumonia

asymptomatic malnutrition proglottids may spontaneously migrate from body (motile)

symptoms of beef tapeworm

fever, shaking, chills, aches, fatigue, nausea

symptoms of malaria

Yellow Fever

systemic disease via lymphatic system and blood to organs: liver, kidneys (jaundice), etc.

Hanta virus

the disease concerned the world in 1993 b/c of trapped rodents

Eastern Equine Encephalitis

the disease concerned the world in 1996

SARS

the disease concerned the world in 2003

Legionnaire's Disease

the disease scarred Bellevue Stratford

presenteeism

the idea that people must go to work even went sick. helps spread disease

pinworm

the most common round worm infection in US is?

superficial

the pathogenesis of ringworm is

herd immunity

the proportion of individuals in a population who are immune to a disease by vaccine or recovery HELPS PROTECT those who are not immune only relevant for contagious disease

Flukes

these flatworms have complex life cycles with several host (up to 3) many variations (lung, liver, blood)

P. vivax and P. ovale

these forms of malaria cause relapsing fevers

superficial

these type of human fungal disease affect skin, hair, and nails

subcutaneous

these type of human fungal disease infect below the skin

systemic

these type of human fungal disease invade organs

Flatworms

these types of helminths are mostly free-living the parasitic types have suckers or hooks for attachment examples are flukes and tapeworms

capsule (like jelly bean)

thicker layer of glycocalx