Biomechanics Exam 1
In anatomical position what is the position of the elbow? Answers: A. 180 ° B. 90 ° C. 0° or neutral D. None of the above
C. 0 degrees or neutral
Which of the following is true about osteoporosis? Answers: A. it is a disease with acute onset B. it inevitably accompanies aging C. it is a lifestyle disease that develops and progresses over a number of years D. all of the above are true
C. It is a lifestyle disease that develops and progresses over a number of years
Which of the following would not be measured in a kinematic analysis of a tennis serve? Answers: A. angular velocity B. linear velocity C. muscular force D. angular acceleration
C. Muscular force
Which of the following characterizes a formal problem? Answers: A. a goal or answer B. a set of given information C. all of the above D. a set of operations that can be used to arrive at the desired answer from the given information
C. all of the above
Abduction takes place around which axis? Answers: A. longitudinal B. horizontal C. anteroposterior D. mediolateral
C. anteroposterior
Biomechanics has roots in which of the following disciplines? Answers: A. physics B. biology C. Both A and B D. neither A nor B
C. both A and B
Which is true about the Cartesian coordinate system? Answers: A. It is a special reference system used by biomechanists. B. It can be used to describe two-dimensional or three-dimensional motion. C. both A and B D. none of the above
C. both A and B
Which of the following are transverse plane movements at the shoulder? Answers: A. horizontal abduction B. medial rotation C. both A and B D. none of the above
C. both A and B
Which of the following could be performed by a biomechanist? Answers: A. quantitative analysis of human movement B. qualitative analysis of human movement C. both A and B D. none of the above
C. both A and B
Which of the following is an example of a kinetic consideration? Answers: A. muscle force producing a vertical jump B. impact force landing from a jump C. both A and B D. neither A nor B
C. both A and B
Which of the following is an example of a static situation? Answers: A. a cyclist riding at a constant velocity B. a person balancing motionless on one foot C. both A and B D. neither A nor B
C. both A and B
Which of the following is an example of equipment designed to enhance performance? Answers: A. Klapskate B. Aerodynamic helmet C. both A and B D. none of the above
C. both A and B
Which of the following is included in sports medicine? Answers: A. clinical aspects of exercise and sport B. scientific aspects of exercise and sport C. both A and B D. neither A nor B
C. both A and B
Which of the following is true about carpal tunnel syndrome? Answers: A. it is a neurological impairment B. it is associated with repetitive keyboard use C. both A and B D. none of the above
C. both A and B
Which of the following is true regarding horizontal adduction? Answers: A. also called horizontal flexion B. occurs in the transverse plane C. both A and B D. None of the above
C. both A and B
Which of the following is true regarding mechanics? Answers: A. branch of physics B. analyzes the actions of forces on particles C. both A and B D. none of the above
C. both A and B
Which of the following is true? Answers: A. No particular biomechanical factors have been associated with running economy. B. 3-year olds walking fast can use 70% more energy than adults. C. both A and B D. none of the above
C. both A and B
Which of the following questions about the long jump should be answered quantitatively Answers: A. What is the horizontal velocity at take-off? B. What is the angle at take-off? C. both A and B D. neither A nor B
C. both A and B
Which type of analysis involves identifying, analyzing and answering a question of interest? Answers: A. quantitative B. qualitative C. both A and B D. none of the above
C. both A and B
The cardinal frontal plane divides the body into equal _____. Answers: A. top and bottom halves. B. medial and lateral halves. C. front and back halves. D. right and left halves.
C. front and back halves
Biomechanical analysis has revealed which of the following about high-velocity pitchers compared to lower velocity pitchers? Answers: A. greater internal rotation at the shoulder B. greater upright posture at release C. greater angular velocity of the pelvis and upper torso D. all of the above
C. greater angular velocity of the pelvis and upper torso
During the preparatory phase for an underhand softball pitch, the hand holding the ball is drawn behind the body prior to the forward swing of the arm. When the hand is drawn behind the body, which of the following movements occurs at the shoulder? Answers: A. circumduction B. extension C. hyperextension D. flexion
C. hyperextension
Which of the following describes the knee joint relative to the ankle joint? Answers: A. distal B. medial C. proximal D. lateral
C. proximal
Which of the following categories of motion is mutually exclusive (i.e. unique) with each of the others? Answers: A. rectilinear motion B. curvilinear motion C. rotational motion D. translational motion
C. rotational motion
Elbow extension takes place in what plane? Answers: A. transverse B. longitudinal C. sagittal D. frontal
C. sagittal
Which imaginary cardinal plane bisects the body into right and left halves? Answers: A. frontal B. caudal C. sagittal D. transverse
C. sagittal
Which of the following is the most appropriate definition of biomechanics? Answers: A. the study of biological organisms B. the study of human movement C. the study of the mechanical aspects of biological organisms D. the study of movement mechanics
C. the study of the mechanical aspects of biological organisms
Which of the following units is unique to three-dimensional Cartesian coordinate systems (i.e. do not exist in 2-D systems)? Answers: A. x B. y C. z D. all of the above are unique to 3-D systems
C. z
Which of the following affects the flight of a discus? Answers: A. speed at release B. projection angle C. orientation angle relative to the wind D. all of the above
D. All of the above
Choose the term or phrase that is not synonymous with the others. Answers: A. S.I. B. International System of Units C. metric D. English system
D. English system
Biomechanical research has contributed to which of the following? Answers: A. injury prevention B. enhanced sport performance C. equipment design D. all of the above
D. all of the above
Exercise walking can have which of the following effects? Answers: A. improved balance in older adults B. decreased likelihood of falls in older adults C. decreased risk of osteoporosis for women D. all of the above
D. all of the above
Possible detrimental effects of knee braces include(s) which of the following? Answers: A. changes muscle activity during gait B. reduces sprinting speed C. increases onset of fatigue D. all of the above
D. all of the above
Which of the following could be defined by a movement analyst as a mechanical system? Answers: A. entire human body B. right arm C. projected ball D. all of the above
D. all of the above
Which of the following is a risk factor for osteoporosis? Answers: A. physical inactivity B. estrogen deficiency C. excessive consumption of caffeine D. all of the above
D. all of the above
Which of the following is/are examples of superficial muscle(s)? Answers: A. biceps B. triceps C. gastrocnemius D. all of the above
D. all of the above
Which of the following is/are true regarding anatomical reference position? Answers: A. palms face forward B. erect posture C. starting position for describing motion D. all of the above
D. all of the above
Which of the following professionals regularly make use of qualitative observations? Answers: A. coaches B. clinicians C. teachers D. all of the above
D. all of the above
Which of the following topics might be studied by biomechanists? Answers: A. optimal form during the pole vault B. forces on the spine during lifting C. the mechanics of the jump shot D. all of the above
D. all of the above
What term is given to considerations such as the size, shape, and weight of body segments? Answers: A. kinetic B. kinematic C. cybernetic D. anthropometric
D. anthropometric
Which of the following terms best describes translational motion along a curved line? Answers: A. rectilinear B. rotational C. general D. curvilinear
D. curvilinear
What term is used to describe the motion of bringing the foot closer to the lower leg? Answers: A. superior rotation B. extension C. flexion D. dorsiflexion
D. dorsiflexion
Which of the following terms means "farther from the head"? Answers: A. distal B. proximal C. superior D. inferior
D. inferior
In anatomical position, what term describes the radius relative to the ulna? Answers: A. anterior B. posterior C. medial D. lateral
D. lateral
Movements in the transverse plane occur around which axis? Answers: A. mediolateral B. horizontal C. anteroposterior D. longitudinal
D. longitudinal
What does the word qualitative mean? Answers: A. all of the above B. numerical C. general D. pertaining to quality
D. pertaining to quality
A dancer performs a pirouette in which plane? Answers: A. sagittal B. longitudinal C. frontal D. transverse
D. transverse
To supplement visual observations, the analyst can often use non-visual information. Describe two examples of auditory information that could be used during a qualitative analysis.
One example of auditory information can be in golf or baseball. The sound of a proper hit on the baseball can sound differently than the sound of a poorly executed swing. Poorly executed swings often sound duller. Likewise, the sound of a volleyball player hitting the ball weird could signal that an illegal hit was performed. Another example of auditory information is feedback from the performer. A performer who has experienced enough to recognize his faults and well doings can be a good source to help you understand what they need to do better on.
List four innovations in sport equipment developed by biomechanists.
One innovation developed by biomechanists is the Klapskate. The Klapskate is a speed skate equipped with a hinge near the toes that allows the skater to plantar flex at the ankle during push-off. Another innovation developed after experiments in wind tunnels includes aerodynamic helmets, clothing, and cycle designs for those who participate in cycling. Ultrasmooth suits worn in other competitive speed-related events are also developed by biomechanists to improve performance. Sophisticated biomechanical models of the trunk are now being used in the design of materials-handling tasks in industry to minimized potentially injurious stresses on the low back.
______________ refers to an excessive loss of bone mineral mass and strength resulting in one or more fractures.
Osteoporosis
What are the two key strategies for preventing osteoporotic fractures?
Osteoporosis is a condition that is found in most elderly individuals, with earlier onset in women. 40% of women after age 50 and 90% of all fractures of men and women after age 60 are osteoporosis-related. The most common fracture site is the vertebrae. One way that biomechanists have tried to combat osteoporotic fractures is focusing on the design of treadmills for use in space that load the bones of the lower extremity with deformations and strain rates that are optimal for stimulating new bone formation. Another approach includes combining voluntary muscle contraction with electrical stimulation of the muscles to maintain muscle mass and tone. However, no adequate substitute has been found for weight baring for the prevention of bone and muscle loss in space.
Name three professions related to kinesiology and explain how each will benefit from a knowledge of biomechanics.
Physical Therapy, Cardiac Rehab, and Ergonomics are professions related to kinesiology that have almost everything to do with biomechanics. When giving somebody physical therapy, you have to analyze the biomechanics that they currently have, and adjust it to help the patient out. Cardiac Rehab focuses on helping patients recover from heart related illnesses or events. In this profession, you have a lot of patients walking on treadmills, using bikes, arm ellipticals, etc. As the professional, you are constantly walking around and analyzing their biomechanics such as R.O.M, gait, etc. If you are unfamiliar with biomechanics in this profession, you should quit. Additionally, with ergonomics, you have to understand the biomechanics of what people use to complete certain tasks so that you can adjust equipment to better suit that motion and such. Biomechanics are some of the most relevant studies to be done in any Kinesiology profession.
Which of the following countries uses the metric system? Answers: A. All of the above B. Japan C. Germany D. France
A. All of the above
Which of the following are anthropometric factors? Answers: A. all of the above B. the shape of a body C. the length of a forearm D. the weight of the trunk
A. all of the above
Which of the following are components of a structured approach to problem-solving? Answers: A. all of the above B. rereading the problem to look for additional information that may be inferred from the problem statement C. drawing a diagram representing the problem situation D. writing down the given information
A. all of the above
The high incidence of knee injuries among snow skiers is partially due to which of the following? A. rigid boot which limit ankle motion B. bindings which release during a fall C. both A and B D. none of the above
A. rigid boot which limit ankle motion
Which of the following motions occurs primarily in the sagittal plane? Answers: A. running B. cartwheel C. pirouette D. all of the above
A. running
In which of the following planes does a forward roll occur? Answers: A. sagittal B. oblique C. frontal D. transverse
A. sagittal
Nodding the head "yes" occurs in which plane? Answers: A. sagittal B. oblique C. transverse D. frontal
A. sagittal
Which of the following terms is applied to the study of systems in a constant state of motion? Answers: A. statics B. dynamics C. anthropometrics D. plyometrics
A. statics
In anatomical position, the forearm is in what position? Answers: A. supinated B. pronated C. flexed D. abducted
A. supinated
Which of the following statements is false? Answers: A. the hip is distal to the knee B. the shoulder is superior to the hip C. superficial muscles are closer to the skin than deep muscles D. the triceps are posterior to the biceps
A. the hip is distal to the knee
Why is swimming not the best exercise for the prevention of osteoporosis? Answers: A. the lack of weight bearing movement B. water resistance can accelerate bone atrophy C. both A and B D. none of the above
A. the lack of weight bearing movement
Which of the following conversions is accurate? Answers: A. 2.54 in = 1 cm B. 2.54 cm = 1 in C. 4.45 lb = 1 N D. None of the above
B. 2.54 cm = 1 in
A 200 lb. man weighs approximately what in metric units? Answers: A. 4.40 kg B. 890 N C. 44.8 kg D. 45 N
B. 890 N
Which of the following statements is true regarding qualitative analysis? Answers: A. It is always of a general nature. B. It does not involve the use of numbers. C. Both A and B. D. Neither A nor B.
B. It does not involve the use of numbers
Which of the following limb movements occur during "jumping jacks"? Answers: A. flexion and abduction B. adduction and abduction C. extension and adduction D. flexion and extension
B. adduction and abduction
Which of the following terms would accurately describe the biceps muscle? Answers: A. caudal B. anterior C. posterior D. medial
B. anterior
Which of the following motions occurs primarily in the frontal plane? Answers: A. running B. cartwheel C. pirouette D. all of the above
B. cartwheel
Which of the following is true regarding circumduction? Answers: A. synonymous with rotation B. combines flexion, extension, adduction, and abduction C. both A and B D. none of the above
B. combines flexion, extension, adduction, and abduction
Which of the following is associated with kinematics? Answers: A. force B. displacement C. mass D. all of the above
B. displacement
Abduction occurs in which plane? Answers: A. transverse B. frontal C. anterolateral D. sagittal
B. frontal
Most human movement falls into which category? Answers: A. angular or rotational B. general C. curvilinear D. rectilinear
B. general
Basic unit of mass (metric system): Answers: A. newton B. kilogram C. gram D. meter
B. kilogram
Which of the following is not an example of a sagittal plane movement? Answers: A. hyperflexion B. lateral flexion C. flexion D. plantarflexion
B. lateral flexion
Shaking the head "no" involves which of the following movements? Answers: A. lateral and medial rotation B. left and right rotation C. internal and external rotation D. all of the above are correct
B. left and right rotation
Internal rotation is synonymous with which of the following? Answers: A. circumduction B. medial rotation C. external rotation D. lateral rotation
B. medial rotation
Astronauts who travel out of the earth's gravitational field have experienced which of the following? Answers: A. increased bone density B. reduced strength C. both A and B D. none of the above
B. reduced strength
Which view is best for observing normal human gait? Answers: A. frontal plane B. sagittal plane C. transverse plane D. All planes may be used to describe movement
B. sagittal
Which of the following is a linear movement in the frontal plane? Answers: A. shoulder adduction/abduction B. shoulder girdle elevation or depression C. shoulder flexion/extension D. both A and B
B. shoulder girdle elevation or depression
Foot pronation occurs at which joint? Answers: A. talocrural B. subtalar C. inter-phalangeal D. pronation does not occur in the foot
B. subtler
In which of the following systems of measurement are units of the same variable related to each other by factors of ten? Answers: A. the English system B. the metric system C. both A and B D. neither A nor B
B. the metric system
Which of the following defines inference? Answers: A. the process of elimination B. the process of forming deductions from available information C. the process of observation in a qualitative analysis D. none of the above
B. the process of forming deductions from available information
Primarily in which plane does the swinging of a baseball bat occur? Answers: A. frontal B. transverse C. posterolateral D. sagittal
B. transverse
In two-dimensional Cartesian coordinate systems, what unit is used for the vertical axis? Answers: A. x B. y C. z D. Any of the above can describe the vertical axis
B. y
Explain the difference between qualitative and quantitative problems and give an example of each one that is related to a kinesiology topic.
Quantitative problems involve the use of numbers. Qualitative problems involve nonnumeric descriptions of quality. If a personal trainer were explaining one of their clients bench press performance, he could do it qualitatively or quantitatively. If he were to describe it qualitatively, he could say "he is great at bench, has full extension, and can do a lot of weight." If he were to describe it quantitatively, he could say "he benches a max weight of 405 lbs for 1 rep." It is important to be able to describe things in both ways in the field of biomechanics and kinesiology in general.
What are the two main sources of information for the analyst diagnosing a motor skill?
The first source of information is the kinematics or technique exhibited by the performer. The second source is the performance outcome. To effectively analyze a motor skill, it is also important to know the specific purpose for performing the action. In addition, the knowledge of proper biomechanics is absolutely necessary for being able to look at these two main sources of information. Many analyzers understand the biomechanics of specific movements by experiencing them first hand but it is not necessary.
Describe the steps that should be taken when planning a qualitative analysis.
The first step of planning qualitative analysis is identifying the major question(s) of interest. These often serve as the purpose for the observation. Next, determine the optimal perspectives from which to view the movement. Certain movements have different perspectives that will be better than other perspectives when viewing. Next, you have to figure out the number of trials or executions of the movement that should be observed. You cannot have quality analysis with only one trial. In addition, you have to take into consideration the performers attire and environment. These could affect the trial in different ways and could leave your research inconsistent. Last, is whether you want to rely on visual observation, or use a video camera to help analyze the performance.
Describe three different tools used to collect and analyze kinematic data and provide the strengths and weaknesses of each tool. Include both high tech and low tech examples.
The first tool that helps to collect and analyze kinematic data is an electronically controlled still camera aligned in sequence with an electromagnetic tripping device. Eadweard Muybridge used this to capture galloping horses. This tool might have a hard time providing good footage for highly detailed qualitative analysis. Another tool is reflective joint markers that are placed on joints of the human. These can be tracked by a camera for automatic digitizing of the movement and can help identify movement easier in person as well. The positioning of the cameras is crucial to this and could cause difficulties. The third tool is called an accelerometer. This is used for direct measurement of acceleration. It is attached to a body segment with electrical output channeled to a recording device.
Name two ways an analyst can increase his/her knowledge about the mechanics of a motor skill and describe the advantages and disadvantages of each.
The first way to increase knowledge about the mechanics of a motor skill is by having experience in performing the skill. A person who performs the skill proficiently is more likely to understand how to analyze it qualitatively. However, people who acquire expertise in a skill don't always have the best coaching skills to coach the performance of it or analyze it. Another way is by reading textbooks and articles that research these specific movements. These are often great because of the quality and credentials of these articles are often very reliable. A disadvantage to these is that some approaches may be flawed and could be based on opinion.
Explain how equipment innovation has improved performance and/or prevented injury.
With equipment innovation biomechanists can improve performance and prevent injuries. With the klapskate, biomechanists were able to improve ankle flexion which increased the speed of skaters. Improvements in workplace equipment can help reduce stress put on the back of employees. With the innovations of aerodynamic equipment, competitive speed athletes can optimize performance and speed by combating the wind. In addition to equipment that is worn or used during competition, the computer is super helpful to optimize performance by doing biomechanical analysis on the athlete and figuring out what needs to be done to perform better than others.
Ventral is a synonym for ____________________, which means toward the front of the body.
anterior
An overuse condition caused by compression of the median nerve, involving numbness, tingling and pain in the hand is called __________________________________________.
carpal tunnel syndrome
Sport shoes are designed to prevent ____________________________ and enhance __________________.
excessive loading, performance
The branch of biomechanics which studies the actions of forces is called __________________.
kinetics
Translation is a synonym for ______________ motion.
linear
The ______________ axis is the imaginary line around which sagittal plane motion occurs.
mediolateral
A field that focuses on the prevention of work-related injuries and the improvement of working conditions and worker performance is known as ______________ biomechanics.
occupational
The word ______________ refers to a description of quality without the use of numbers.
qualitative
______________ describes motion along a straight line, whereas ______________ describes motion along a curved line.
rectilinear, curvilinear
