Blood

Which of the following types of proteins is present at the lowest percentage of the blood component labeled I in the figure?

fibrinogen

The major function of red blood cells is

gas transport

The process by which the formed elements of the blood develop is called

hemopoiesis.

An individual with leukemia requires a bone marrow transplant. The donor may be a person who gives the recipient stem cells that are in the bone marrow from his or her [dropdown 1] or the stem cells may come from a(n) [dropdown 2].

hip bone umbilical cord

A condition in which inadequate intake of vitamin B12 or folic acid causes production of large abnormal red blood cells is called

megaloblastic anemia.

Which of the following blood cell types normally comprises the highest percentage of the blood component labeled II in the figure?

neutrophils

The gas [dropdown 1] is said to have [dropdown 2] in the body's everyday processes.

nitrogen no known function

Which of the following are characteristics of BOTH erythrocytes and platelets?

no nucleus

Reduced vitamin B12 absorption from the small intestine due to reduced intrinsic factor production in the stomach results in condition called

pernicious anemia.

When blood from a normal adult is centrifuged, as shown in the figure, which of the following components occupies the greatest volume?

plasma

Serum is

plasma without the clotting factors.

Which of the following formed elements in blood is removed by fixed macrophages in the spleen and liver after only 5 to 9 days in the circulation?

platelets

During hemopoiesis, some of the myeloid stem cells will eventually develop into

proerythroblasts

The intrinsic and extrinsic pathways of blood clotting are identical after formation of

prothrombinase

Progressive liver failure may lead to serious bleeding problems due to

reduced production of thrombopoietin a reduction in the production of platelets

Towards the end of erythropoiesis in the bone marrow, a red blood cell loses its nucleus and becomes a

reticulocyte.

Which of following correctly lists the sequence of steps that occur during hemostasis in response to a damaged blood vessel?

vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, clotting

Which of the following plasma proteins plays a role in blood clotting?

Fibrinogen

Which of the following plasma proteins plays a role in disease resistance?

Globulins

Which labeled cell in the diagram will develop into platelets?

H

Which of the following is NOT a true statement regarding blood?

Hemocytoblasts are a common component of circulating blood.

Which of the following substances is an anticoagulant produced by mast cells and basophils?

Heparin

Which of the following hormones stimulates proliferation of red blood cells in red bone marrow?

erythropoietin (EPO)

A cord-blood transplant involves obtaining the stem cells to transplant into the diseased patient from

the umbilical cord of a donor shortly after birth.

What percentage of blood plasma is water?

91.5%

Umbilical cord stem cells

- are easier to collect than bone marrow stem cells - are more abundant than bone marrow stem cells - are less likely to transmit infections

Jaundice, a yellowing of the skin, is a condition caused by the deposition of bilirubin in the skin. It may be associated with

- excessive breakdown of red blood cells - cancer of the bowel or pancreas - blockage of bile drainage by gallstones

Which of the following precursor cells eventually gives rise to the platelets?

Megakaryoblast

The hematocrit is a measure of the percentage of whole blood occupied by

RBCs.

Explain the proposed role of hemoglobin in the regulation of blood flow and blood pressure.

The gaseous hormone nitric oxide (NO), produced by the endothelial cells that line blood vessels, binds to hemoglobin. Under some circumstances, hemoglobin releases NO. The released NO causes vasodilation, an increase in blood vessel diameter that occurs when the smooth muscle in the vessel wall relaxes. Vasodilation improves blood flow and enhances oxygen delivery to cells near the site of NO release. At the same time, vasodilation lowers blood pressure due to the decreased resistance to flow created by the wider lumen diameter.

Which of the following hormones stimulates the development of megakaryoblasts?

Thrombopoietin

If type A blood is infused into a patient with type O blood, which of the following adverse reactions would you expect to observe in the patient?

- Agglutination (clumping) of the transfused blood cells. - Complement-induced hemolysis of the transfused blood cells. - Released hemoglobin clogging the filtration membrane of the kidneys.

Erythropoiesis may be stimulated by

- pulmonary disease that decreases available oxygen - excessive bleeding - traveling to high altitudes

List and briefly describe the major functions of blood.

1) Transportation of oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, hormones and heat; 2) Regulation of pH via buffers, body temperature via properties of water in plasma, and water balance via osmotic pressure created by plasma proteins; 3) Protection via clotting, antibodies, phagocytosis, and complement.

List and briefly describe the three mechanisms used to reduce blood loss from a damaged blood vessel.

1) Vascular spasm occurs when circularly arranged smooth muscles in arteriole walls contract to reduce blood loss. 2) Platelet plug formation starts when platelets make contact with collagen fibers from a damaged vessel. This initiates a series of reactions, which leads to platelet activation and the release of their vesicular content that ultimately attracts more platelets to the area, eventually leading to the formation of a plug over the damaged area. 3) Blood clotting involves a cascade of enzymatic reactions following platelet plug formation. The clot enables the damaged vessel to heal and repair properly.

The average life span of an erythrocyte in the circulation is

120 days.

Approximately, how many hemoglobin molecules are found in each RBC?

280 million

What is the normal concentration range of the formed element that comprises the blood component labeled III in the figure?

4.8-5.4 million cells/μL

Deep vein thromboses, blood clots that build up in a deep vein, particularly the deep saphenous vein in the leg, are seen more frequently in long-distance truck drivers, passengers on airplanes who sit for the entire trip without getting up to walk and individuals who take long trips in cars without getting out to stretch. Explain why you think this happens and how it can be avoided.

: If blood flows too slowly (stasis) through a vessel, particularly a vein, clotting factors can accumulate locally in the area of reduced speed of flow. This high concentration of factors can initiate coagulation in the unbroken vessel leading to the formation of a thrombosis. If the clot, a thrombus, doesn't dissolve spontaneously, the thrombus may dislodge and travel as an embolus to a distant site such as the heart, brain or lungs. Long-distance truck drivers, airplane passengers who don't get up during a long flight and passengers in an automobile on long trips all expose themselves to a reduction of flow of the blood, particularly where the knee is flexed causing a kink in the blood vessels of the leg. This can lead to the formation of a clot. To avoid this, the individuals should pull their cars or trucks over to the side of the road, get out and walk around the vehicle periodically to ensure that blood flow to the legs is not impeded. Airplane passengers should get up and walk around the plane every hour, or so, to keep blood flow normal.

A high count of which of the white blood cells shown in the figure may indicate bacterial infection, stress, or inflammation?

A

A low count of which of the white blood cells shown in the figure may indicate radiation exposure, or systemic lupus erythematosus?

A

Which labeled cell in the diagram is a pluripotent stem cell?

A

Which of the cells in the diagram will increase the number of nuclear lobes as they age?

A

Which of the following blood types is a person whose blood cells were agglutinated by both anti-A serum and anti-B serum, but not by anti-Rh serum?

AB negative

Why does damaged endothelium present an increased risk of blood clotting?

Blood may come in contact with collagen in the surrounding basal lamina, which activates clotting factor XII, ultimately leading to the formation of fibrin clots. Platelets also adhere to collagen exposed by damage to the endothelium and begin their release reaction

A high count of which of the white blood cells shown in the figure may indicate parasitic infection or autoimmune disease?

B

What blood type is a person if their plasma contains ONLY anti-A agglutinin?

B

Which letter in the diagram indicates the correct position of a myeloid stem cell?

B

A high count of which of the white blood cells shown in the figure may indicate cancer or hypothyroidism?

C

A low count of which of the white blood cells shown in the figure may indicate pregnancy, ovulation, or hyperthyroidism?

C

Which labeled cell in the diagram is a WBC?

C

Which of the following blood cells releases granules that intensify the inflammatory response and promote hypersensitivity (allergic) reactions?

Basophil

Which of the following cells is NOT an agranular leukocyte?

Basophil

What does this figure represent?

Clot Formation

Which of the cells in the diagram can be subdivided into categories of small and large versions of this cell type?

D

A high count of which of the white blood cells shown in the figure may indicate viral infections?

D and E

Low counts of which two cell types shown in the figure may result from treatment with cortisol?

D and E

Kwashiorkor, a protein deficiency disease typically seen in young children living in developing tropical nations, will have an effect on three different main areas of health related to the blood. Explain why the three areas are effected and which proteins are involved in these functions

Due to the protein deficiency, three specific proteins will be affected. The first is albumin which makes up 54% of the proteins found in the blood. Albumin is involved in maintaining osmotic pressure which affects the exchange of fluids across capillary walls. A deficiency will cause a buildup of fluid in the interstitial spaces of the tissues and bloating will occur. The second protein is globulin (of which there are several) that makes up 38% of the proteins in the blood. Globulins are involved in the immune system which helps protect the body from invading bacteria and viruses. A deficiency of globulins will cause the individual to frequently suffer from infections. In addition, globulins transport iron, lipids and fat-soluble vitamins, so a deficiency will lead to other problems of malnutrition. The third protein is fibrinogen which makes up 7% of the blood proteins. This protein is intimately involved in blood clotting. A deficiency will lead to serious bleeding problems.

A high count of which of the white blood cells shown in the figure may indicate fungal infection?

E

Which of the cells in the diagram will eventually develop into macrophages?

E

What is this figure demonstrating?

Emigration

Which of the following blood cells phagocytizes antigen-antibody complexes and is effective against parasitic worms?

Eosinophil

Which of the following formed elements found in the blood are derived from reticulocytes?

Erythrocytes

Which of the following clotting factors is involved in strengthening and stabilizing a blood clot?

Factor XIII

Describe the negative feedback loop that controls the rate of erythropoiesis. Under what circumstances would you expect the rate of erythropoiesis to increase? How would it be possible to tell if the rate of erythropoiesis is elevated?

Hypoxia in the kidney leads to secretion of erythropoietin, which targets proerythroblasts in red bone marrow to mature into reticulocytes, which enter circulation to become red blood cells thus increasing the oxygen-carrying capacity of blood. Tissue hypoxia is induced by any form of anemia (reduced oxygen-carrying capacity of blood), or when oxygen levels in the external environment are low (e.g., high altitudes). High levels of reticulocytes in the circulation are a strong indicator of increased erythropoiesis.

Which of the following precursor cells gives rise to agranular leukocytes?

Lymphoblast

Which of the following blood cells are the main soldiers in the immune system defense of the body against microbial invaders?

Lymphocyte

Which of the following situations could result in maternal antibodies attacking fetal blood cells during a second pregnancy?

Mom is Rh negative and fetus is Rh positive

Which of the following precursor cells eventually gives rise to neutrophils?

Myeloblast

Which of the following precursor cells gives rise to granular leukocytes?

Myeloblast

Which of the following blood cells is a phagocyte?

Neutrophil

Which of the following chemical substances is NOT commonly released by mast cells?

Nitric oxide

Which of the following blood components is involved in reducing blood loss from a damaged blood vessel?

Platelet

Which of the following is NOT a major function of the blood?

Production of oxygen

Which of the following opposes the action of thromboxane A2 by inhibiting platelet adhesion and release?

Prostacyclin

Imagine that you are a doctor and your patient appears to have an infection. You are not sure if the infection is bacterial, viral, fungal or parasitic. Which blood test would you order and how would you determine the causative agent of the infection?

The complete blood count, or CBC, will give the doctor information about the relative percentages of all five white blood cells. A high count of specific white blood cells is usually associated with a specific type of infection. Neutrophils are most often associated with a bacterial infection, so an elevation of the neutrophil count in the absence of elevations of other white blood cell counts would indicate a bacterial infection. Lymphocytes are usually elevated when a viral infection is present as are monocytes, so an elevation of both would clearly indicate a viral infection. An elevation of just monocytes would most likely occur with a fungal infection. Eosinophils act to protect us against parasitic infections and, therefore, would be elevated when parasites are present.

Anemia is defined as

a condition in which the oxygen-carrying capacity of blood is reduced.

megakaryoblast will develop into

a platelet.

Which of the following types of proteins is present at the highest percentage in the blood component labeled I in the figure?

albumin

Which of the following antibodies would you find in the plasma of a person with type O blood?

anti-A and anti-B

Destruction of red bone marrow due to radiation results in

aplastic anemia.

Which of the following blood cell types normally comprises the smallest percentage of the blood component labeled II in the figure?

basophils

The number of circulating white blood cells may be affected by several factors. A pregnant woman will often exhibit a reduction in the number of [dropdown 1] while an individual exposed to radiation will exhibit a reduction in the number of [dropdown 2].

basophils neutrophils

The process of a white blood cell squeezing between endothelial cells to exit a blood vessel is called

emigration.

Ferritin is a protein used to

store iron in the liver, muscle and spleen.