Blood and Immune FINAL STUDY AID

Ig D

-surface of B cells -unknown function

Complement Activation

1. Opsozination: allows process of antibodies attach to pathogen easier 2. Chemotaxis: spray pathogens with chemical to allow WBC to see easier 3. Lysis: pokes holes, burst the cells 4. Agglutination: forms clump and drags pathogen to disable other actions of pathogen

embolus

A clot that breaks lose and travels through the bloodstream.

What is the indication of pain

Acknowledgement sends pain signals to brain

Mary as a young girl had chicken pox. Her brother terry, after many exposures never seemed to come down with itchy disease. What kind of immunity does Mary have? What about terry

Acquired active natural immunity, innate

A very sick patient is given antibodies directly via IV fluid. What type of immunity will this person have at this point to this illness?

Acquired passive artificial immunity

Three plasma protein

Albumins: maintain osmotic pressure Globulins: provide immunity by making antibodies Fibrinogen: aids with clots

Direct attack

Allows antibodies to combine with pathogen antigen and form agglutination

What is an allergy, in physiological term

An overreaction to antigens

Macrophage becomes

Antigen presenting cell

Dietary factors of RBC production

B-complex, B-12, Folic acids, and iron. Iron is required for hemoglobin production.

Which cells of the innate immune respose are responsible for heparin and histamine release

Basophils

Characteristic of Lymph node

Bean shape, 2.5 cm

If all of your cells are covered in antigens, why doesn't your immune system kills/ attack all cells

Because your cells are tagged self cells by cell membrane proteins

Describe a RBC

Bi-concave disc to allow hemoglobin to attach, which allows oxygen to attach. RBC lives up to 120 days. Gets recycled into biliverdin then biliverdin converts into bilirubin.

Larger break may require a ____ to halt bleeding

Blood clot

Tissue fluid form as a result of

Blood plasma

What is the initial stimulus for the process of hemostasis

Break

What is the indication of pus

Combination of WBC and pathogen fighting, WBC is winning the active fight.

Ig M

Complement protein

Acquired immunity

Develops after birth

Potassium, calcium, magnesium, and chlorine are all examples of _____ found in the plasma

Electrolytes

The specific blood cell that is responsible for fighting parasite is

Eosinophil

Which formed element is essential to gas exchange?

Erythrocytes

What will stimulate the production of red blood cell

Erythropoietin

Ig A

Exocrine secretion like breast milk

A platelet plug begins to form when platelets are

Exposed to a rough surface or collagen

Allergy

Extreme reaction to harmless antigens

Thrombin causes fibrinogen to form into

Fibrin

The plasma protein responsible for helping with blood clot is called

Fibrinogen

Ig G

Fights Against pathogen

Spleen

Filter blood and remove foreign particles

The plasma protein responsible for helping with immunity is called

Globulin

Clot formation

Half an hour

Which of the following occurs due to a need to slow pathogen speed?

Heat

Eosinophil

Help fight allergies and kill parasite

Which cell stimulate both arms of the immune response

Helper T cells

Antigen presenting cells binds with

Helper T-cells

What is the protein in erythrocytes that attract oxygen?

Hemaglobin

The protein found in erythrocytes that attaches to the oxygen in order to carry it is

Hemoglobin

The slowing down and stopping of bleeding is called

Hemostatis

Which substance is released from tissue mast cells and plasma basophils to dilate blood vessel and increase capillary permeability

Histamine.

Why is histamine a good thing. Despite the mass sales of anti-histamine drugs.

Histamines encourages diapedesis

Lymph forms due to increasing

Hydrostatic pressure in the tissue fluid.

The thermoregulatory control center that regulates the body response to changes in temperature such as during a fever is located in the

Hypothalamus

Pathogen enters past the skin barrier then triggers the

Inflammatory response

Which type of molecules is produced by viral-infected cells to communicate with, and protect, non-infected cells? What chemical released by damaged cells, in order to reach our hypothalamus to increase our base temeperature during a non-specific inflammatory responses?

Interferon: pyrogen

Which of the following element is included in hemoglobin molecules

Iron

Once helper t-cell binds with antigen presenting cell then?

It releases chemicals called interleukins to signal the immune system that there is an invasion.

Which formed element is likely to increase in quantities when the body is under attack from bacteria

Leukocytes

Hypoxia

Low oxygen saturation of the body, not enough oxygen in the blood

Which organelle participates directly in the process of phagocytosis

Lysosome

Saliva and lacrimal fluids (tears) contains this enzyme that destroys bacteria..

Lysozyme

The enzyme found in tears are called ___ and it breaks down the ___ of pathogens

Lysozyme, cell walls

Monocytes morphs into

Macrophage: active form of monocytes

During a local inflammatory response

Mast cells engulf particulate matter for degradatio, histamine is released and stimulate increased capillary permeability, and monocyte concentration the local area increases rapidly

What is the indication of Redness in the skin?

More blood has enter

The highly mobile cells that are first to arrive at the site of an infections are

Neutrophil

The most numerous type of WBC is

Neutrophil

Phsiological jaundice

Normal condition where newborns have yellow skin and eyes. Cause by baby blood has a lot of extra bilirubin. Yellow RBC. Baby liver isn't mature enough to remove extra bilirubin.

RBC production is stimulated by the hormone erythropoietin, which is the protein in it that attract the _____ concentration

Oxygen

Immunodeficiency

Part of the immune system is absent or not function correctly... creating a immune system that is incomplete, disease example: aids, T-cells defiency, asplenia

Neutrophils

Phagocytize small particles

The intercellular liquid portion of blood is

Plasma

Antibodies are produced in cells called

Plasma cells

Antibodies are power weapons in the body defense against microorganism. However, there are limits to what an antibody can do. The following is NOT an action can accomplish

Poke microscopic "holes" in a bacterial cell membrane, causing it to die.. Explanation: the wrong part about this is that in the complement protein process, yes it does poke holes but it doesn't kill the pathogen. The pathogen just shrinks i believe.

Lymphocytes

Produce antibodies to provide immunity

active acquired immunity

Produces memory cells, natural: get from exposure, artificial : vaccination

Thymus

Provide t-cells and secretes thymosin hormones for maturing t-cells

These causes an increase in the set point of our body temperature

Pyrogens

passive acquired immunity

Receive antibodies from another source, natural: mother milk and placenta, artificial: antibiotics

Which of the following responses is caused by an increase in blood flow

Redness

Basophill

Releases heparin and histamine

Lymph function

Returns protein molecules & water to blood stream and returns foreign particles to lymph nodes

Platelet plugs duration (time) to stop a break

Several seconds

What is your ultimate and first protection against external pathogens and invaders?

Skin, stomach, mucus, and etc.

What is the indication of heat or warmness of the skin?

Slows down pathogen reproduction rate.

Platelets adhere to form a plug may control blood loss from a ____ break

Small

Most abundant electrolytes

Sodium and chloride

Self is best defined as

Something that does have the same DNA as our zygote.

If pathogen enters the blood stream

Specific immune response

Which of the following response is caused by diapedesis

Swelling

The formed element responsible for formation of clots and control of bleeding is

Thrombocytes

Cytotoxic T cells kill target cells

Through insertion of performing into the target membrane

The maturation of T cells and production of particular T cells receptors occurs in the

Thymus gland

Why is it important to have suppressor T-ce as part of your immune system

To act as a feedback mechanism to gear down the immune system

What is the function for heat produced in a cut or sore.

To assist in the slowing reproduction of the broken tissue

Why is in important to have lymph nodes— immunologically

To house mature B cells and macrophages, and to house mature T cells and macrophages.

What are the function of blood

Transportation, protection and distribution of heat

What is the indication of swelling on the skin?

Vessels becomes leaky due to histamine releases, WBC leaves ( diapedesis)

sickle cell anemia

a genetic disorder that causes abnormal hemoglobin, resulting in some red blood cells assuming an abnormal sickle shape

Inflammation

a localized response to an injury or to the destruction of tissues

Two types of acquired immunity

active and passive

Ig E

allergies

Thrombus

blood clot

innate immunity

genetically determined, present at birth

Anemia

lack of a normal number of red blood cells

Monocyte

phagocytizes large particles

Edema

swelling, causes diapedesis

Autoimmune

the immune system's attack on the body, diseases examples: type 1 diabetes, lupus, multiple sclerosis,