Blood and Immune FINAL STUDY AID
Ig D
-surface of B cells -unknown function
Complement Activation
1. Opsozination: allows process of antibodies attach to pathogen easier 2. Chemotaxis: spray pathogens with chemical to allow WBC to see easier 3. Lysis: pokes holes, burst the cells 4. Agglutination: forms clump and drags pathogen to disable other actions of pathogen
embolus
A clot that breaks lose and travels through the bloodstream.
What is the indication of pain
Acknowledgement sends pain signals to brain
Mary as a young girl had chicken pox. Her brother terry, after many exposures never seemed to come down with itchy disease. What kind of immunity does Mary have? What about terry
Acquired active natural immunity, innate
A very sick patient is given antibodies directly via IV fluid. What type of immunity will this person have at this point to this illness?
Acquired passive artificial immunity
Three plasma protein
Albumins: maintain osmotic pressure Globulins: provide immunity by making antibodies Fibrinogen: aids with clots
Direct attack
Allows antibodies to combine with pathogen antigen and form agglutination
What is an allergy, in physiological term
An overreaction to antigens
Macrophage becomes
Antigen presenting cell
Dietary factors of RBC production
B-complex, B-12, Folic acids, and iron. Iron is required for hemoglobin production.
Which cells of the innate immune respose are responsible for heparin and histamine release
Basophils
Characteristic of Lymph node
Bean shape, 2.5 cm
If all of your cells are covered in antigens, why doesn't your immune system kills/ attack all cells
Because your cells are tagged self cells by cell membrane proteins
Describe a RBC
Bi-concave disc to allow hemoglobin to attach, which allows oxygen to attach. RBC lives up to 120 days. Gets recycled into biliverdin then biliverdin converts into bilirubin.
Larger break may require a ____ to halt bleeding
Blood clot
Tissue fluid form as a result of
Blood plasma
What is the initial stimulus for the process of hemostasis
Break
What is the indication of pus
Combination of WBC and pathogen fighting, WBC is winning the active fight.
Ig M
Complement protein
Acquired immunity
Develops after birth
Potassium, calcium, magnesium, and chlorine are all examples of _____ found in the plasma
Electrolytes
The specific blood cell that is responsible for fighting parasite is
Eosinophil
Which formed element is essential to gas exchange?
Erythrocytes
What will stimulate the production of red blood cell
Erythropoietin
Ig A
Exocrine secretion like breast milk
A platelet plug begins to form when platelets are
Exposed to a rough surface or collagen
Allergy
Extreme reaction to harmless antigens
Thrombin causes fibrinogen to form into
Fibrin
The plasma protein responsible for helping with blood clot is called
Fibrinogen
Ig G
Fights Against pathogen
Spleen
Filter blood and remove foreign particles
The plasma protein responsible for helping with immunity is called
Globulin
Clot formation
Half an hour
Which of the following occurs due to a need to slow pathogen speed?
Heat
Eosinophil
Help fight allergies and kill parasite
Which cell stimulate both arms of the immune response
Helper T cells
Antigen presenting cells binds with
Helper T-cells
What is the protein in erythrocytes that attract oxygen?
Hemaglobin
The protein found in erythrocytes that attaches to the oxygen in order to carry it is
Hemoglobin
The slowing down and stopping of bleeding is called
Hemostatis
Which substance is released from tissue mast cells and plasma basophils to dilate blood vessel and increase capillary permeability
Histamine.
Why is histamine a good thing. Despite the mass sales of anti-histamine drugs.
Histamines encourages diapedesis
Lymph forms due to increasing
Hydrostatic pressure in the tissue fluid.
The thermoregulatory control center that regulates the body response to changes in temperature such as during a fever is located in the
Hypothalamus
Pathogen enters past the skin barrier then triggers the
Inflammatory response
Which type of molecules is produced by viral-infected cells to communicate with, and protect, non-infected cells? What chemical released by damaged cells, in order to reach our hypothalamus to increase our base temeperature during a non-specific inflammatory responses?
Interferon: pyrogen
Which of the following element is included in hemoglobin molecules
Iron
Once helper t-cell binds with antigen presenting cell then?
It releases chemicals called interleukins to signal the immune system that there is an invasion.
Which formed element is likely to increase in quantities when the body is under attack from bacteria
Leukocytes
Hypoxia
Low oxygen saturation of the body, not enough oxygen in the blood
Which organelle participates directly in the process of phagocytosis
Lysosome
Saliva and lacrimal fluids (tears) contains this enzyme that destroys bacteria..
Lysozyme
The enzyme found in tears are called ___ and it breaks down the ___ of pathogens
Lysozyme, cell walls
Monocytes morphs into
Macrophage: active form of monocytes
During a local inflammatory response
Mast cells engulf particulate matter for degradatio, histamine is released and stimulate increased capillary permeability, and monocyte concentration the local area increases rapidly
What is the indication of Redness in the skin?
More blood has enter
The highly mobile cells that are first to arrive at the site of an infections are
Neutrophil
The most numerous type of WBC is
Neutrophil
Phsiological jaundice
Normal condition where newborns have yellow skin and eyes. Cause by baby blood has a lot of extra bilirubin. Yellow RBC. Baby liver isn't mature enough to remove extra bilirubin.
RBC production is stimulated by the hormone erythropoietin, which is the protein in it that attract the _____ concentration
Oxygen
Immunodeficiency
Part of the immune system is absent or not function correctly... creating a immune system that is incomplete, disease example: aids, T-cells defiency, asplenia
Neutrophils
Phagocytize small particles
The intercellular liquid portion of blood is
Plasma
Antibodies are produced in cells called
Plasma cells
Antibodies are power weapons in the body defense against microorganism. However, there are limits to what an antibody can do. The following is NOT an action can accomplish
Poke microscopic "holes" in a bacterial cell membrane, causing it to die.. Explanation: the wrong part about this is that in the complement protein process, yes it does poke holes but it doesn't kill the pathogen. The pathogen just shrinks i believe.
Lymphocytes
Produce antibodies to provide immunity
active acquired immunity
Produces memory cells, natural: get from exposure, artificial : vaccination
Thymus
Provide t-cells and secretes thymosin hormones for maturing t-cells
These causes an increase in the set point of our body temperature
Pyrogens
passive acquired immunity
Receive antibodies from another source, natural: mother milk and placenta, artificial: antibiotics
Which of the following responses is caused by an increase in blood flow
Redness
Basophill
Releases heparin and histamine
Lymph function
Returns protein molecules & water to blood stream and returns foreign particles to lymph nodes
Platelet plugs duration (time) to stop a break
Several seconds
What is your ultimate and first protection against external pathogens and invaders?
Skin, stomach, mucus, and etc.
What is the indication of heat or warmness of the skin?
Slows down pathogen reproduction rate.
Platelets adhere to form a plug may control blood loss from a ____ break
Small
Most abundant electrolytes
Sodium and chloride
Self is best defined as
Something that does have the same DNA as our zygote.
If pathogen enters the blood stream
Specific immune response
Which of the following response is caused by diapedesis
Swelling
The formed element responsible for formation of clots and control of bleeding is
Thrombocytes
Cytotoxic T cells kill target cells
Through insertion of performing into the target membrane
The maturation of T cells and production of particular T cells receptors occurs in the
Thymus gland
Why is it important to have suppressor T-ce as part of your immune system
To act as a feedback mechanism to gear down the immune system
What is the function for heat produced in a cut or sore.
To assist in the slowing reproduction of the broken tissue
Why is in important to have lymph nodes— immunologically
To house mature B cells and macrophages, and to house mature T cells and macrophages.
What are the function of blood
Transportation, protection and distribution of heat
What is the indication of swelling on the skin?
Vessels becomes leaky due to histamine releases, WBC leaves ( diapedesis)
sickle cell anemia
a genetic disorder that causes abnormal hemoglobin, resulting in some red blood cells assuming an abnormal sickle shape
Inflammation
a localized response to an injury or to the destruction of tissues
Two types of acquired immunity
active and passive
Ig E
allergies
Thrombus
blood clot
innate immunity
genetically determined, present at birth
Anemia
lack of a normal number of red blood cells
Monocyte
phagocytizes large particles
Edema
swelling, causes diapedesis
Autoimmune
the immune system's attack on the body, diseases examples: type 1 diabetes, lupus, multiple sclerosis,