Blood pressure

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during extreme cases of low blood volume, extensive release of ________ occurs, which causes vasoconstriction

ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone)

________ converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I

Renin

which result in the hypothalamus increasing cardiac output and resistance?

fear response to an emergency exercise increased body temperature

the relatively high blood pressure on the arteriole end of the capillary accounts for

filtration

blood flow is directly proportional to the ________ power of the radius

fourth

the carotid sinuses monitor blood pressure changes in which body parts?

head neck

varicose veins in the anorectal region are called

hemorrhoids

chronically elevated blood pressure, also known as ________, may damage blood vessel walls making arteries more likely to develop atherosclerosis

hypertension

Anxiety over a dangerous experience may result in the higher brain centers, specifically the _______ increasing cardiac output and resistance

hypothalamus

overweight people tend to have

increased blood pressure

which factors increase resistance?

increased blood viscosity decrease in vessel diameter increased blood vessel length

what factors would increase blood viscosity?

increased erythrocytes dehydration

Aldosterone ________ the absorption of Na+ and water in the kidney to help maintain blood volume and blood pressure

increases

an increase in cardiac output, resistance or blood volume ________ blood pressure

increases

blood pressure ________ when sympathetic innervation causes vasoconstriction of the arterioles

increases

vasoconstriction of veins shift blood from venous reservoirs and circulating blood volume _______

increases

as the blood pressure gradient ________, total blood flow is ________

increases greater

_____ vessel length _____ resistance

increasing, increases

when hi CO2 levels stimulate chemoreceptors, the vasomotor center responds by ________ resistance and ________ venous return

increasing, increasing

the difference in flow rate within a blood vessel is due to:

laminar flow

________ is clinically significant because it provides a numerical value for how well body tissues and organs are perfused

mean arterial pressure

short term regulation of blood pressure occurs through autonomic reflexes involving nuclei within the:

medullla oblongata

sympathetic division pathways extend from the cardioacceleratory center to the

myocardium SA node

the vasomotor center has ________ axons that extend from it to the blood vessels

only sympathetic

the term ________ resistance is typically used when discussing the resistance of blood in the blood vessels

peripheral

individuals with sustained increased resistance generally have

an elevated arterial blood pressure reading

what factors would DECREASE blood viscosity?

anemia reduced erythrocytes

the two main peripheral chemoreceptors are the ________ and ________

aortic bodies carotid bodies

which type of blood vessel experiences a thickening of the vessel wall and reduction of luminal diameter in arteriolosclerosis?

arterioles

a thickening of the arteriole walls and reduction in luminal diameter is known as

arterioloscleriosis

The hormone released from the heart in response to an increase in the stretch of the muscle wall due to increased blood volume is ________ ________ peptide

atrial natriuretic

blood flow will return to venous reservoirs when

sympathetic stimulation is decreased

if the blood pressure decreases, which consequences will happen?

the cardioinhibitory center will inhibit parasympathetic activity to the SA node and AV node the vasomotor center will cause vasoconstriction

how do baroreceptors signal the cardiovascular center to change in blood pressure?

their firing rate changes when the stretch in the blood vessel changes

as the blood pressure gradient decreases, ______ ______ flow lessens

total blood

True or false: changes in the blood pressure gradient are directly correlated with changes in total blood flow

true

True or false: if someone has chronically high blood pressure, eventually baroreceptors will adapt to the change in blood pressure and thus adjust their normal "set-point"

true

more blood vessesl are stimulated to ________ more than ________ because blood vessels contain more ________ receptors than _______ receptors

vasoconstrict vasodilate alpha beta

Angiotensin is a powerful

vasoconstrictor

ADH is also called ________ due to its role in resistance and blood pressure

vasopressin

the systolic blood pressure is the pressure in the vessel during

ventricular contraction

the diastolic blood pressure is the pressure in the vessel during

ventricular relaxation

The resistance of a fluid to its flow is called

viscosity

True or false: deep vein thrombosis, DVT, typically occurs in individuals with heart disease but even healthy individuals who have been on a long airline trip may develop DVT

True

True or false: if a person gains a large amount of body fat, the body must produce miles of additional vessel length by angiogenesis

True

the aortic arch baroreceptors transmit nerve signals back to the cardio vascular center through which cranial nerve?

Vagus nerve (X)

Blood pressure is lowest in the:

Veins

blood pressure in the venules is _____ mm Hg and almost _____ mm Hg by the time blood travels through the inferior vena cava to the right atrium of the heart

20, 0

Blood pressure is highest in the:

Arteries

mean arterial pressure may be estimated as

diastolic pressure + 1/3 pulse pressure

the internal carotid artery contains the carotid sinus ________, a receptor that detects changes in blood pressure

baroreceptors

the type of receptors that respond best to sudden, short-term changes in blood pressure, but are not effective long-term or chronic blood pressure regulators are:

baroreceptors

if the blood pressure decreases, which consequences will happen?

baroreceptors decrease their firing rate SA node will be stimulated

when checking your pulse, you are feeling the rhythmic pulsations of ____ through your arteries

blood

blood flow is proportional to ________ and inversely proportional to ________

blood pressure gradient resistance

when you arise from a sitting to a standing position, ________ is altered to maintain blood pressure

cardiac output

blood pressure is influenced by three primary variables, which are ________, peripheral resistance and ________.

cardiac output, blood volume

the cardiac center and the vasomotor center are called the ________ center

cardiovascular

two major locations where baroreceptors are found include the aortic arch and the

carotid sinuses

which baroreceptors are more sensitive to blood pressure changes?

carotid sinuses

A(n) ________ in cardiac output will decrease the blood pressure gradient

decrease

increased parasympathetic output from the cardioinhibitory center ________ heart rate and ________ the conduction of the electrical signal through the hearts conduction system

decreases slows

if vessel radius ________, relatively more blood flows near the edges and overall blood flow ________

decreases, decreases

the measurement on the spygomomanometer taken when arterial pulsations are no longer heard in the stethoscope is the ________ blood pressure

diastolic

the denominator (lower number) of the blood pressure ratio represents the

diastolic pressure

the lowest pressure is during ventricular diastole when the artery recoils no further; this value is recorded as the

diastolic pressure

the additional pressure placed on the arteries from when the heart is resting to when the heart is contracting is:

pulse pressure

the amount of friction the blood experiences as it travels through the blood vessels is called:

resistance

total blood flow is the amount of blood that moves through the cardio vascular system per unit time and is influenced by which of the following?

resistance blood pressure gradients

the ________ muscle pump enables veins located between muscles groups to be squeezed in order to help pump blood toward the heart

skeletal

redistribution of blood flow, due to sympathetic stimulation, increases blood flow to which organs?

skeletal muscle heart

Which tool is used to measure blood pressure?

sphygmomanometer


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