Blood pressure
during extreme cases of low blood volume, extensive release of ________ occurs, which causes vasoconstriction
ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone)
________ converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I
Renin
which result in the hypothalamus increasing cardiac output and resistance?
fear response to an emergency exercise increased body temperature
the relatively high blood pressure on the arteriole end of the capillary accounts for
filtration
blood flow is directly proportional to the ________ power of the radius
fourth
the carotid sinuses monitor blood pressure changes in which body parts?
head neck
varicose veins in the anorectal region are called
hemorrhoids
chronically elevated blood pressure, also known as ________, may damage blood vessel walls making arteries more likely to develop atherosclerosis
hypertension
Anxiety over a dangerous experience may result in the higher brain centers, specifically the _______ increasing cardiac output and resistance
hypothalamus
overweight people tend to have
increased blood pressure
which factors increase resistance?
increased blood viscosity decrease in vessel diameter increased blood vessel length
what factors would increase blood viscosity?
increased erythrocytes dehydration
Aldosterone ________ the absorption of Na+ and water in the kidney to help maintain blood volume and blood pressure
increases
an increase in cardiac output, resistance or blood volume ________ blood pressure
increases
blood pressure ________ when sympathetic innervation causes vasoconstriction of the arterioles
increases
vasoconstriction of veins shift blood from venous reservoirs and circulating blood volume _______
increases
as the blood pressure gradient ________, total blood flow is ________
increases greater
_____ vessel length _____ resistance
increasing, increases
when hi CO2 levels stimulate chemoreceptors, the vasomotor center responds by ________ resistance and ________ venous return
increasing, increasing
the difference in flow rate within a blood vessel is due to:
laminar flow
________ is clinically significant because it provides a numerical value for how well body tissues and organs are perfused
mean arterial pressure
short term regulation of blood pressure occurs through autonomic reflexes involving nuclei within the:
medullla oblongata
sympathetic division pathways extend from the cardioacceleratory center to the
myocardium SA node
the vasomotor center has ________ axons that extend from it to the blood vessels
only sympathetic
the term ________ resistance is typically used when discussing the resistance of blood in the blood vessels
peripheral
individuals with sustained increased resistance generally have
an elevated arterial blood pressure reading
what factors would DECREASE blood viscosity?
anemia reduced erythrocytes
the two main peripheral chemoreceptors are the ________ and ________
aortic bodies carotid bodies
which type of blood vessel experiences a thickening of the vessel wall and reduction of luminal diameter in arteriolosclerosis?
arterioles
a thickening of the arteriole walls and reduction in luminal diameter is known as
arterioloscleriosis
The hormone released from the heart in response to an increase in the stretch of the muscle wall due to increased blood volume is ________ ________ peptide
atrial natriuretic
blood flow will return to venous reservoirs when
sympathetic stimulation is decreased
if the blood pressure decreases, which consequences will happen?
the cardioinhibitory center will inhibit parasympathetic activity to the SA node and AV node the vasomotor center will cause vasoconstriction
how do baroreceptors signal the cardiovascular center to change in blood pressure?
their firing rate changes when the stretch in the blood vessel changes
as the blood pressure gradient decreases, ______ ______ flow lessens
total blood
True or false: changes in the blood pressure gradient are directly correlated with changes in total blood flow
true
True or false: if someone has chronically high blood pressure, eventually baroreceptors will adapt to the change in blood pressure and thus adjust their normal "set-point"
true
more blood vessesl are stimulated to ________ more than ________ because blood vessels contain more ________ receptors than _______ receptors
vasoconstrict vasodilate alpha beta
Angiotensin is a powerful
vasoconstrictor
ADH is also called ________ due to its role in resistance and blood pressure
vasopressin
the systolic blood pressure is the pressure in the vessel during
ventricular contraction
the diastolic blood pressure is the pressure in the vessel during
ventricular relaxation
The resistance of a fluid to its flow is called
viscosity
True or false: deep vein thrombosis, DVT, typically occurs in individuals with heart disease but even healthy individuals who have been on a long airline trip may develop DVT
True
True or false: if a person gains a large amount of body fat, the body must produce miles of additional vessel length by angiogenesis
True
the aortic arch baroreceptors transmit nerve signals back to the cardio vascular center through which cranial nerve?
Vagus nerve (X)
Blood pressure is lowest in the:
Veins
blood pressure in the venules is _____ mm Hg and almost _____ mm Hg by the time blood travels through the inferior vena cava to the right atrium of the heart
20, 0
Blood pressure is highest in the:
Arteries
mean arterial pressure may be estimated as
diastolic pressure + 1/3 pulse pressure
the internal carotid artery contains the carotid sinus ________, a receptor that detects changes in blood pressure
baroreceptors
the type of receptors that respond best to sudden, short-term changes in blood pressure, but are not effective long-term or chronic blood pressure regulators are:
baroreceptors
if the blood pressure decreases, which consequences will happen?
baroreceptors decrease their firing rate SA node will be stimulated
when checking your pulse, you are feeling the rhythmic pulsations of ____ through your arteries
blood
blood flow is proportional to ________ and inversely proportional to ________
blood pressure gradient resistance
when you arise from a sitting to a standing position, ________ is altered to maintain blood pressure
cardiac output
blood pressure is influenced by three primary variables, which are ________, peripheral resistance and ________.
cardiac output, blood volume
the cardiac center and the vasomotor center are called the ________ center
cardiovascular
two major locations where baroreceptors are found include the aortic arch and the
carotid sinuses
which baroreceptors are more sensitive to blood pressure changes?
carotid sinuses
A(n) ________ in cardiac output will decrease the blood pressure gradient
decrease
increased parasympathetic output from the cardioinhibitory center ________ heart rate and ________ the conduction of the electrical signal through the hearts conduction system
decreases slows
if vessel radius ________, relatively more blood flows near the edges and overall blood flow ________
decreases, decreases
the measurement on the spygomomanometer taken when arterial pulsations are no longer heard in the stethoscope is the ________ blood pressure
diastolic
the denominator (lower number) of the blood pressure ratio represents the
diastolic pressure
the lowest pressure is during ventricular diastole when the artery recoils no further; this value is recorded as the
diastolic pressure
the additional pressure placed on the arteries from when the heart is resting to when the heart is contracting is:
pulse pressure
the amount of friction the blood experiences as it travels through the blood vessels is called:
resistance
total blood flow is the amount of blood that moves through the cardio vascular system per unit time and is influenced by which of the following?
resistance blood pressure gradients
the ________ muscle pump enables veins located between muscles groups to be squeezed in order to help pump blood toward the heart
skeletal
redistribution of blood flow, due to sympathetic stimulation, increases blood flow to which organs?
skeletal muscle heart
Which tool is used to measure blood pressure?
sphygmomanometer
