Bloomer Science 9 - Ch. 5
Metalloid Location on Periodic Table
along the stair-step line
Do NON-METALS usually become cations or anions?
anions
Periodic Table
boxes with information about each element are arranged into columns by properties and rows by atomic number.
Do METALS usually become cations or anions?
cations
atom that has a charge because it has lost or gained electrons
ion
Metal Location on periodic table
left of stair-step line (most of the elements are metals)
90
number of naturally occurring elements
Periodicity
properties repeat each period (row) of the periodic table
What subatomic particle number can never change in order for an atom to remain the same type of atom?
proton; the atomic number (or proton number) defines the atom
Non-metal location on the periodic table
right of stair-step line (except for H which is on the left side)
atom
smallest part of an element (and all matter).
What charge does Iron(III) have?
+3
Properties of Metals
-Shiny -malleable and ductile -good conductors -react with acids -high melting points -mostly solid at room temperature
Properties of Nonmetals
-dull (not shiny) -brittle (if solid) -poor conductors -do not react with acids -low melting points -most are gas at room temperature, some are solid and one is liquid at room temperature
Properties of Metalloids
-have properties of both metals and nonmetals -also known as semiconductors
Group 18: Noble Gases
0 electrons away from full valence shell, non-reactive
Hydrogen
1st element on periodic table; Considered a non-metal, but on the metal side of table; in its own "group"
How many valence electrons does Ra (#88) have?
2 valence electrons (it is in group 2)
How many valence electrons does Ge (#32) have?
4 valence electrons (it is in group 14)
How many protons, neutrons, and electrons are in Silver-108?
47 protons, 61 neutrons, 47 electrons
How many valence electrons does Br (#35) have?
7 valence electrons (it is in group 17)
What weapon can you make from the elements potassium, nickel and iron?
A KNiFe.
Period
A horizontal row of the elements in the periodic table. (There are 7 total)
element
A pure substance made of only one kind of atom. 118 known.
Which metal group is the most reactive?
Alkali Metals; they just need to get rid of ONE electron in order to have a full valence shell
Halogen
An element found in Group 17 of the periodic table; halogens are the most reactive non-metals. Have 7 valence electrons.
Noble gas
An element found in Group 18 of the periodic table. Have a full valence electron shell. They don't react with any other atoms and don't form ions.
Alkali metal
An element in Group 1 of the periodic table, excluding Hydrogen. Have 1 valence electron. Most reactive of the metals. Explode when contact water!
Alkaline-earth metal
An element in Group 2 of the periodic table. Have 2 valence electrons.
negatively charged ion
Anion
Na
Anyone know any jokes about sodium?
Unstable. They don't have a full valence electron shell.
Are most pure elements chemically stable or unstable?
Rule of Eight
Atoms are most stable or "happy" when they have a full valence electron shell. This is usually 8, but if they have only one shell it is 2. (Ex. Helium has a full valence shell with 2 electrons because it only has one shell.)
Silver walks into a bar and sees Gold in his seat. What does Silver say to Gold?
Au...get out of here!
positively charged ion
Cation
What element is in period 7, group 5?
Db, Dubnium
lose
Do metals typically lose or take electrons?
Boron family
Group 13 on the periodic table; Starts with Boron; Have 3 valence electrons
3 electrons away from full valence shell, moderate reactivity
Group 13: Boron Family and Group 15: Nitrogen family
Carbon family
Group 14 on the periodic table; Starts with Carbon; Have 4 valence electrons
4 electrons away from full valence shell, moderate reactivity
Group 14: Carbon Family
Nitrogen family
Group 15 on the periodic table; starts with Nitrogen; Have 5 valence electrons
Oxygen family
Group 16 on the periodic table; starts with Oxygen; Have 6 valence electrons
1 electron away from full valence shell, very high reactivity
Group 1: Alkali Metals OR Group 17: Halogens
2 electrons away from full valence shell, high reactivity
Group 2: Alkaline-Earth Metals and Group 16: Oxygen Family
Which non-metal group is the most reactive?
Halogens; they just need ONE electron to fill the valence shell
Electrons Change, get a charge
How are ions different from isotopes?
Neutrons Change, different atomic mass
How are isotopes different from ions?
Whatever isotope mass is closest to the average atomic mass on the periodic table.
How do you identify the most common isotope?
Most common element in UNIVERSE
Hydrogen
If an ion has a -3 charge, how many electrons has it gained or lost?
It gained 3.
If an ion has a +2 charge, how many electrons has it gained or lost?
It lost 2.
Did you hear oxygen and potassium went on a date?
It went OK.
Most common element in the ATMOSPHERE
Nitrogen (78% Nitrogen gas)
Transition metal
One of the elements in Groups 3-12 of the periodic table. Cannot know valence electron number from their group number.
Strong Nuclear Force
One of the four elementary forces; Holds protons and neutrons together in the nucleus; Strongest force in the universe!
+1
Oxidation number for group 1
Most common element in the EARTH'S CRUST
Oxygen (47% of crust, 21% of atmosphere)
What charge will the typical Oxygen element have?
Oxygen gains 2 electrons, so the charge would be -2.
Mendeleev
Published first accepted periodic table in 1869.
atoms are most stable or "happy" when they have a full valence shell of electrons (which is usually 8)
Rule of Eight
What element is in period 5, group 2?
Sr, Strontium
Conductivity
The ability of an object to transfer heat or electricity to another object.
Atomic mass
The average mass of all the types of that element. Only the protons and neutrons (in nucleus) have mass.
Reactivity
The ease and speed with which an element combines, or reacts, with other elements and compounds.
Valence Electrons
The electrons in the very outside orbital of an atom. The maximum number for almost all atoms is 8. Most important electrons!
Noble Gases
The only atoms that are stable in their "normal" state are the ____________?
group
Vertical column of elements in the periodic table that have similar characteristics; also known as a family
Lewis Dot Structure
Way of showing element with just valence electrons. To make: write element symbol, place one dot on each side before pair any up, include enough dots to equal the valence electron number.
