Bloomer Science 9 - Ch. 5

Metalloid Location on Periodic Table

along the stair-step line

Do NON-METALS usually become cations or anions?

anions

Periodic Table

boxes with information about each element are arranged into columns by properties and rows by atomic number.

Do METALS usually become cations or anions?

cations

atom that has a charge because it has lost or gained electrons

ion

Metal Location on periodic table

left of stair-step line (most of the elements are metals)

90

number of naturally occurring elements

Periodicity

properties repeat each period (row) of the periodic table

What subatomic particle number can never change in order for an atom to remain the same type of atom?

proton; the atomic number (or proton number) defines the atom

Non-metal location on the periodic table

right of stair-step line (except for H which is on the left side)

atom

smallest part of an element (and all matter).

What charge does Iron(III) have?

+3

Properties of Metals

-Shiny -malleable and ductile -good conductors -react with acids -high melting points -mostly solid at room temperature

Properties of Nonmetals

-dull (not shiny) -brittle (if solid) -poor conductors -do not react with acids -low melting points -most are gas at room temperature, some are solid and one is liquid at room temperature

Properties of Metalloids

-have properties of both metals and nonmetals -also known as semiconductors

Group 18: Noble Gases

0 electrons away from full valence shell, non-reactive

Hydrogen

1st element on periodic table; Considered a non-metal, but on the metal side of table; in its own "group"

How many valence electrons does Ra (#88) have?

2 valence electrons (it is in group 2)

How many valence electrons does Ge (#32) have?

4 valence electrons (it is in group 14)

How many protons, neutrons, and electrons are in Silver-108?

47 protons, 61 neutrons, 47 electrons

How many valence electrons does Br (#35) have?

7 valence electrons (it is in group 17)

What weapon can you make from the elements potassium, nickel and iron?

A KNiFe.

Period

A horizontal row of the elements in the periodic table. (There are 7 total)

element

A pure substance made of only one kind of atom. 118 known.

Which metal group is the most reactive?

Alkali Metals; they just need to get rid of ONE electron in order to have a full valence shell

Halogen

An element found in Group 17 of the periodic table; halogens are the most reactive non-metals. Have 7 valence electrons.

Noble gas

An element found in Group 18 of the periodic table. Have a full valence electron shell. They don't react with any other atoms and don't form ions.

Alkali metal

An element in Group 1 of the periodic table, excluding Hydrogen. Have 1 valence electron. Most reactive of the metals. Explode when contact water!

Alkaline-earth metal

An element in Group 2 of the periodic table. Have 2 valence electrons.

negatively charged ion

Anion

Na

Anyone know any jokes about sodium?

Unstable. They don't have a full valence electron shell.

Are most pure elements chemically stable or unstable?

Rule of Eight

Atoms are most stable or "happy" when they have a full valence electron shell. This is usually 8, but if they have only one shell it is 2. (Ex. Helium has a full valence shell with 2 electrons because it only has one shell.)

Silver walks into a bar and sees Gold in his seat. What does Silver say to Gold?

Au...get out of here!

positively charged ion

Cation

What element is in period 7, group 5?

Db, Dubnium

lose

Do metals typically lose or take electrons?

Boron family

Group 13 on the periodic table; Starts with Boron; Have 3 valence electrons

3 electrons away from full valence shell, moderate reactivity

Group 13: Boron Family and Group 15: Nitrogen family

Carbon family

Group 14 on the periodic table; Starts with Carbon; Have 4 valence electrons

4 electrons away from full valence shell, moderate reactivity

Group 14: Carbon Family

Nitrogen family

Group 15 on the periodic table; starts with Nitrogen; Have 5 valence electrons

Oxygen family

Group 16 on the periodic table; starts with Oxygen; Have 6 valence electrons

1 electron away from full valence shell, very high reactivity

Group 1: Alkali Metals OR Group 17: Halogens

2 electrons away from full valence shell, high reactivity

Group 2: Alkaline-Earth Metals and Group 16: Oxygen Family

Which non-metal group is the most reactive?

Halogens; they just need ONE electron to fill the valence shell

Electrons Change, get a charge

How are ions different from isotopes?

Neutrons Change, different atomic mass

How are isotopes different from ions?

Whatever isotope mass is closest to the average atomic mass on the periodic table.

How do you identify the most common isotope?

Most common element in UNIVERSE

Hydrogen

If an ion has a -3 charge, how many electrons has it gained or lost?

It gained 3.

If an ion has a +2 charge, how many electrons has it gained or lost?

It lost 2.

Did you hear oxygen and potassium went on a date?

It went OK.

Most common element in the ATMOSPHERE

Nitrogen (78% Nitrogen gas)

Transition metal

One of the elements in Groups 3-12 of the periodic table. Cannot know valence electron number from their group number.

Strong Nuclear Force

One of the four elementary forces; Holds protons and neutrons together in the nucleus; Strongest force in the universe!

+1

Oxidation number for group 1

Most common element in the EARTH'S CRUST

Oxygen (47% of crust, 21% of atmosphere)

What charge will the typical Oxygen element have?

Oxygen gains 2 electrons, so the charge would be -2.

Mendeleev

Published first accepted periodic table in 1869.

atoms are most stable or "happy" when they have a full valence shell of electrons (which is usually 8)

Rule of Eight

What element is in period 5, group 2?

Sr, Strontium

Conductivity

The ability of an object to transfer heat or electricity to another object.

Atomic mass

The average mass of all the types of that element. Only the protons and neutrons (in nucleus) have mass.

Reactivity

The ease and speed with which an element combines, or reacts, with other elements and compounds.

Valence Electrons

The electrons in the very outside orbital of an atom. The maximum number for almost all atoms is 8. Most important electrons!

Noble Gases

The only atoms that are stable in their "normal" state are the ____________?

group

Vertical column of elements in the periodic table that have similar characteristics; also known as a family

Lewis Dot Structure

Way of showing element with just valence electrons. To make: write element symbol, place one dot on each side before pair any up, include enough dots to equal the valence electron number.