BLY 122 CH 43-49
6. Because energy transfer is not 100% efficient across trophic levels, a maximum of about _____% of energy and biomass available at one trophic level is available at the next. 1 5 10 15 20
10
Because energy transfer is not 100% efficient across trophic levels, a maximum of about _____% of energy and biomass available at one trophic level is available at the next. 15 1 5 10 20
10
What is the approximate size of the human population today? 10 billion people 7 billion people 2 billion people 5 billion people 25 billion people
7 billion people
What are some factors that keep a population under its carrying capacity? predation parasitism decreased birth rate A & B only A & C onlY
A & B only
Which of the following is a habitat island? a freshwater pond in a meadow an individual cluster of pines in the middle of a pine forest a deep sea hydrothermal vent A & C only A, B, & C
A & C ONLY
Which of the following is a result of excess greenhouse gases added to the atmosphere by human activities? an increase in Earth's surface temperature changes in Earth's precipitation patterns changes in the behavior of different plant/animal species A & B only A, B, & C.
A, B, & C.
Invasive species spread to new areas through all of following mechanisms EXCEPT: migratory birds. purposeful importing. ballast water in ships. All of the answer options are mechanisms that spread invasive species. shipping of produce.
All of the answer options are mechanisms that spread invasive species.
2. Giant sequoia trees (Sequoiadendron giganteum) are among the largest and longest-living organisms on Earth. These trees grow in weight by up to 1000 pounds of wood per year. As these trees are growing, they: A. incorporate CO2 into their biomass (wood, roots, and needles). B. are probably a net sink of CO2. C. generate some CO2 through cellular respiration. D. All of these choices are correct.
All of these choices are correct
9. Although all Anolis feed on insects and other invertebrates, they have evolved different feeding strategies that are reflected in: behavior. leg morphology. skull morphology. habitat preference. All of these choices are correct.
All of these choices are correct.
A tundra ecosystem would include which of the following? all of the bryophytes inhabiting the tundra All of these choices are correct. the rainfall patterns the tundra experiences the amount/duration of sunlight the tundra receives all of the mammals inhabiting the tundra
All of these choices are correct.
According to Niko Tinbergen, which of the following defines―and helps researchers understand―an animal's behavior? adaptive function causation development evolutionary history All of these choices are correct.
All of these choices are correct.
Although all Anolis feed on insects and other invertebrates, they have evolved different feeding strategies that are reflected in: leg morphology. All of these choices are correct. habitat preference. behavior. skull morphology.
All of these choices are correct.
Giant sequoia trees (Sequoiadendron giganteum) are among the largest and longest-living organisms on Earth. These trees grow in weight by up to 1000 pounds of wood per year. As these trees are growing, they: All of these choices are correct. incorporate CO2 into their biomass (wood, roots, and needles). are probably a net sink of CO2. generate some CO2 through cellular respiration.
All of these choices are correct.
What are the potential consequences of increasing crop growth to feed a growing human population? eutrophication and dead zones resulting from increased use of fertilizer greater input of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere through the burning of fossil fuels All of these choices are correct. loss of biodiversity through conversion of forests and grasslands to agricultural fields decreased biological storage of carbon through deforestation
All of these choices are correct.
Which of the following would be considered a type of communication? cardinals singing the plumage of a bird of paradise a lion marking its territory All of these choices are correct.
All of these choices are correct.
Tropical rainforests have high species richness of trees. Which of the following statements provides the MOST reasonable explanation why animal species richness is also high in tropical rainforests? Animals are unable to adapt to climate variability in higher latitudes. Animals have had the same amount of time to evolve in rainforest areas as trees. Animal diversification rates are higher than those of trees. Animals have diversified into the vast number of niches provided by tree diversity.
Animals have diversified into the vast number of niches provided by tree diversity.
Tropical rainforests have high species richness of trees. Which of the following statements provides the MOST reasonable explanation why animal species richness is also high in tropical rainforests? A. Animals have had the same amount of time to evolve in rainforest areas as trees. B. Animals diversification rates are higher than those of trees. C. Animals have diversifies into the vast number of niches provided by tree diversity. D. Animals are unable to adapt to climate variability in higher latitudes.
Animals have diversifies into the vast number of niches provided by tree diversity.
1. Using records taken by Henry David Thoreau in the 1840s, scientists have documented what pattern of change in flowering plants around Boston, Massachusetts? A. As temperatures have warmed, flowering occurs earlier in many species. B. As temperatures have warmed, flowering occurs later in many species. C. As temperatures have become more variable, flowering occurs earlier in many species. D. As temperatures have become more variable, flowering occurs later in many species. E. As extreme weather events have become more common, flowering occurs earlier in many species. Instructional Guidance: Students should be able to look at the trends shown in the data from Figure 49.8, and make a conclusion based on what is shown.
As temperatures have warmed, flowering occurs earlier in many species.
Using records taken by Henry David Thoreau in the 1840s, scientists have documented what pattern of change in flowering plants around Boston, Massachusetts? As temperatures have warmed, flowering occurs later in many species. As extreme weather events have become more common, flowering occurs earlier in many species. As temperatures have become more variable, flowering occurs later in many species. As temperatures have warmed, flowering occurs earlier in many species. As temperatures have become more variable, flowering occurs earlier in many species.
As temperatures have warmed, flowering occurs earlier in many species.
The U.S. Department of Energy's energy outlook report for 2015 estimates that electricity generation in the United States will increase by nearly 25% by 2040. Both the amount and percentage of electricity generated by burning coal, however, will drop, as more and more electricity is generated by burning natural gas and exploiting renewable energy sources. Which is an expected consequence of this shift? Carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere will increase at a higher rate than if coal burning continued to be the major source of electricity. Carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere will stay the same. Carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere will increase, but at a lower rate than if coal burning continued to be the major source of electricity. Carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere will drop.
Carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere will increase, but at a lower rate than if coal burning continued to be the major source of electricity.
_____ is an interaction in which individuals require the same resource, and therefore the availability of that resource is lowered. Mutualism Competition Resource partitioning Commensalism Parasitism
Competition
Most deserts occur at approximately 30 latitudes. Which of the following statements BEST reflects this finding? A. Cool dry air descends at 30 latitude. B. Warm dry air descends t 30 latitude C. Trade winds pull all moisture away from land and to the ocean at 30 latitude D. Westerlies pull all moisture away from land and to the ocean at 30 latitude
Cool dry air descends at 30 latitude.
Most deserts occur at approximately 30° latitudes. Which of the following statements BEST reflects this finding? Westerlies pull all moisture away from land and to the ocean at 30° latitude. Trade winds pull all moisture away from land and to the ocean at 30° latitude. Warm dry air descends at 30° latitude. Cool dry air descends at 30° latitude.
Cool dry air descends at 30° latitude.
As a population approaches its carrying capacity, its growth rate: decreases. increases. stays the same. stops.
DECREASES
The latitudinal diversity gradient refers to what pattern of species diversity? A. For many kinds of organisms, species diversity is greatest near the equator and lowest near the poles B. For many kinds of organisms, species diversity is greatest near the poles and lowest near the equator C. For many kinds of organisms, species diversity is greatest at low elevations and lowest at high elevations D. For many kinds of organisms, species diversity is greatest at high elevations and lowest at low elevations
For many kinds of organisms, species diversity is greatest near the equator and lowest near the poles
The latitudinal diversity gradient refers to what pattern of species diversity? Plants are most diverse near the equator, while animals are most diverse toward the poles. For many kinds of organisms, species diversity is greatest near the equator and lowest near the poles. For many kinds of organisms, species diversity is greatest at high elevation and lowest at low elevation. For many kinds of organisms, species diversity is greatest near the poles and lowest near the equator. For many kinds of organisms, species diversity is greatest at low elevation and lowest at high elevation.
For many kinds of organisms, species diversity is greatest near the equator and lowest near the poles.
3. When sea turtle eggs hatch, predators gather and mortality among the hatchlings is extremely high. Once turtles reach adult size, they can live for decades. This is an example of Type _____ survivorship. I II III
III
When sea turtle eggs hatch, predators gather and mortality among the hatchlings is extremely high. Once turtles reach adult size, they can live for decades. This is an example of Type _____ survivorship. I III II
III
_____ is a form of learning typically seen in young animals and involves acquiring specific behaviors in response to key experiences during critical times called sensitive periods. Imitation Learning Conditioning Imprinting
Imprinting
Recent studies indicate that the addition of iron to areas of the ocean could increase productivity. Increased productivity could be beneficial for many reasons. What may be one of the LARGEST negative impacts that could occur with "fertilizing the oceans with iron"? A. Increase productivity would provide more biomass for subsequent levels on the trophic pyramid B. Increase productivity could result in higher respiration rates and regions of depleted oxygen in the ocean. C. Increase productivity would be matched by increased detritus falling to the ocean floor, burying many deep-sea organisms D. Increase productivity could result in depletion of nitrogen available in ocean waters.
Increase productivity could result in higher respiration rates and regions of depleted oxygen in the ocean.
Recent studies indicate that the addition of iron to areas of the ocean could increase productivity. Increased productivity could be beneficial for many reasons. What may be one of the LARGEST negative impacts that could occur with "fertilizing the oceans with iron"? Increased productivity would be matched by increased detritus falling to the ocean floor, burying many deep-sea organisms. Increased productivity would provide more biomass for subsequent levels on the trophic pyramid. Increased productivity could result in higher respiration rates and regions of depleted oxygen in the ocean. Increased productivity could result in depletion of nitrogen available in ocean waters.
Increased productivity could result in higher respiration rates and regions of depleted oxygen in the ocean.
Which of the following statements about patterns of energy use among countries is NOT true? Individuals in high-latitude countries use more energy than individuals in equatorial countries in part because of the need to heat buildings. Countries where individuals travel more frequently have higher levels of energy use than countries where individuals travel less frequently. Individuals in larger countries use more energy than individuals in smaller countries. Energy use is distributed unevenly among countries. Individuals in countries with higher standards of living use more energy than countries with lower standards of living.
Individuals in larger countries use more energy than individuals in smaller countries.
As air moves from the base up the side of a mountain, it cools. What is one consequence of this movement of air? The air picks up additional moisture that falls on the other side of the mountain. The air slows because cold air is less dense than warm air. Moisture will drop as rain as the air moves up the side of the mountain. The air is deflected and circles back down to the base of the mountain.
Moisture will drop as rain as the air moves up the side of the mountain.
As air moves from the base up the side of a mountain, it cools. What is one consequence of this movement of air? A. Moisture will drop as rain as the air moves up the side of the mountain. B. The air is deflected and circles back down to the base of the mountain. C. The air slows because cold air is less dense than warm air. D. The air picks up additional moisture that falls on the other side of the mountain
Moisture will drop as rain as the air moves up the side of the mountain.
Is the nitrogen cycle different in marine than in terrestrial biomes? A. Yes, because one is in the water and one is on land. B. Yes, because the organisms living in each area are different. C. No, because nitrogen cycles between and within all biomes D. No, because all nitrogen ultimately comes from the atmosphere.
No, because all nitrogen ultimately comes from the atmosphere.
One of the goals of conservation biology is to conserve biodiversity. An important part of conservation strategy is the design of reserves. Reserves are often designed to be as large as possible. How does the theory of island biogeography support biologists' efforts to utilize large reserves in order to conserve as much biodiversity as possible? Species area curves can be used to estimate species diversity to determine if several small reserves in a region will be better than one large reserve. Species area curves can only be used to determine the number of species that may colonize an area, so will serve to help predict future species diversity in a habitat patch. Species area curves show that island size (i.e., habitat patch) is correlated to the number of species that can be supported within that area. Species area curves can be used to ensure that populations divided into metapopulations will have at least one large fragment.
Species area curves show that island size (i.e., habitat patch) is correlated to the number of species that can be supported within that area.
_____ is the proportion of individuals of an initial cohort that survives to each successive age or stage of the life cycle. Survivorship Demography Mortality Age structure
Survivorship
8. _____ are close interactions between species that have evolved over long periods of time. When these interactions enhance the reproduction and population growth of both species, they are called _____. Symbioses; mutualisms Mutualisms; symbioses Symbioses; antagonisms Antagonisms; symbioses Antagonisms; mutualisms Mutualisms; antagonisms
Symbioses; mutualisms
_____ are close interactions between species that have evolved over long periods of time. When these interactions enhance the reproduction and population growth of both species, they are called _____. Symbioses; mutualisms Antagonisms; symbioses Mutualisms; symbioses Antagonisms; mutualisms Mutualisms; antagonisms Symbioses; antagonisms
Symbioses; mutualisms
6. Why is it useful for T cells that do not recognize self MHC molecules to be removed from the maturing T cell population? A. T cells unable to recognize self MHC molecules will be unable to bind to cells that present foreign antigens on MHC class I proteins. B. T cells unable to recognize self will bind and potentially attack, and kill, all the cells of the body. C. T cells unable to recognize self cannot be stimulated by cytokines released in areas of infection. D. T cells unable to recognize self will bind too tightly to MHC class I proteins and potentially attack, and kill, all the cells of the body.
T cells unable to recognize self MHC molecules will be unable to bind to cells that present foreign antigens on MHC class I proteins.
There are many climatological factors that contribute to high levels of rainfall at the equator. Which of the following is NOT a reason for high rainfall at the equator? As warm air rises, it cools and water condenses to form rain. Temperatures are relatively constant. There are high levels of solar radiation at the equator.
Temperatures are relatively constant.
What physical properties of the Earth best explain why there are different seasons? A. One side of the Earth does not face the sun for half of each day. B. The Earth rotates at a slight angle on its axis. C. The elliptical orbit of the Earth causes seasons. D. Seasons are caused by the dominant primary producers in any given area.
The Earth rotates at a slight angle on its axis
Imagine a frog at a pond where multiple species are mating. Female frogs are able to discern males making their species-specific calls. How is she able to do this? A. The visual cues of a male frog from her species allows her to go directly to that male. B. The olfactory cues from a male frog of her species allows her to go directly to that male. C. The female only hears calls from a male frog of her species, which results in her going to a male frog of her species. D. The female frog hears all of the calls at the pond, but only male calls from her species excite a specific group of neurons which results in her going to a male frog of her species.
The female frog hears all of the calls at the pond, but only male calls from her species excite a specific group of neurons which results in her going to a male frog of her species.
7. What is the primary reason why it is important to get a new influenza (flu) shot every year? A. The immune system is unable to make memory B cells against influenza viruses. B. The immune system is unable to respond quickly to antigenic shift in viruses. C. The immune system is only able to recognize one viral antigen each year. D. The immune system is only able to devote a small number of B cells to influenza so that it can combat other infections in the body in the same year.
The immune system is unable to respond quickly to antigenic shift in viruses.
Humans have changed the selective landscape of Plasmodium, the infectious agent that causes malaria, by developing drugs that kill this parasite. Plasmodium is resistant to many of these drugs. Which of the following is a likely characteristic of this parasite that contribute to its ability to develop resistance? (Select all that apply.) The parasite populations are constantly evolving in anticipation of the next drug. The parasite has a quick generation time, and high mutation rates. It occurs in a region where medical treatments are not regularly monitored. None of the answer options is correct; Plasmodium has not changed in response to human efforts to eradicate it
The parasite has a quick generation time, and high mutation rates. It occurs in a region where medical treatments are not regularly monitored.
A group of scientists in Alaska notices that not only have atmospheric CO2 levels increased at their sampling site but so too have methane levels. What could account for this increase in methane levels? None of the answer options is correct. The release of methane from thawed permafrost. A decrease in beef production near the researchers' sampling area. The melting of permafrost accompanied by the thawing of methane-producing bacteria. The failure of rice paddies to be established in Alaska, given its climate.
The release of methane from thawed permafrost.
4. As a person ages, his or her thymus shrinks. How does this change affect the effectiveness of vaccinations? A. Vaccinations will have no effect because the entire immune system shuts down when the thymus shrinks to a certain size. B. Vaccinations will be more effective because at birth your thymus made all the T cells you'll need for your entire life. C. Vaccinations will be less effective because B cells will not produce appropriate amounts of antibodies. D. Vaccinations will be less effective because the rate of T cell maturation will be reduced. E. Vaccinations will be as effective in aging patients as in young patients because T cell development occurs in the bone marrow.
Vaccinations will be less effective because the rate of T cell maturation will be reduced.
Theoretical predictions suggest that the North Pole should be cooler than it actually is. What helps to warm regions at higher latitudes? A. The Earth's tilt on its axis means that for half the year the temperatures at the North Pole will increase. B. The heat-carrying capacity of water takes warm water toward the poles with ocean currents, and warms some northern regions. C. Warm air from the equator moves toward the poles before descending D. There is a large amount of ice, and the high specific heat of the water in the ice means it holds a lot of heat.
Warm air from the equator moves toward the poles before descending
Theoretical predictions suggest that the North Pole should be cooler than it actually is. What helps to warm regions at high latitudes? Warm air from the equator moves toward the poles before descending. The heat-carrying capacity of water takes warm water toward the poles with ocean currents, and warms some northern regions. The Earth's tilt on its axis means that for half the year the temperatures at the North Pole will increase. There is a large amount of ice, and the high specific heat of the water in the ice means it holds a lot of heat.
Warm air from the equator moves toward the poles before descending.
7. Wheat is a group of grass species. Cultivation originated in the eastern Mediterranean about 10,000 years ago. In comparison to closely related wild grasses, cultivated wheat has shorter stalks and fewer, larger seeds that are firmly attached to the stalk and are unable to disperse via wind like other grasses. Which of the following provides an explanation as to why wheat is so successful despite the loss of seed dispersal? A. Wheat seeds are dropped below the parent plant and will grow the following season. This maintains the worldwide distribution of wheat. B. Wheat seeds are collected and dispersed by humans. Their worldwide distribution increases every time a new field of wheat is planted. C. Wheat seeds have evolved to be consumed by animals. Wheat seeds no longer rely on wind as its dispersal mechanism. D. Wheat seeds are not required for reproduction. Because it is a grass species, it has asexual reproduction.
Wheat seeds are collected and dispersed by humans. Their worldwide distribution increases every time a new field of wheat is planted.
Most symbiotic interactions require a long-term association between the two species. Which of the following is not a symbiotic association? photosynthetic algae living with a fungus as a lichen a lion that eats a small antelope in the open grasslands leafcutter ants that supply food to their fungal gardens ants that live on a host tree chew off the branches of neighboring trees that grow too close
a lion that eats a small antelope in the open grasslands
12. Male Australian bowerbirds build and decorate elaborate structures, called bowers, out of grasses and other vegetation. If we want to understand how this behavior promotes a male bowerbird's ability to survive and reproduce, we want to understand its: causation. development. adaptive function. evolutionary history. genetic basis.
adaptive function.
Male Australian bowerbirds build and decorate elaborate structures, called bowers, out of grasses and other vegetation. If we want to understand how this behavior promotes a male bowerbird's ability to survive and reproduce, we want to understand its: evolutionary history. development. causation. genetic basis. adaptive function.
adaptive function.
A tundra ecosystem would include which of the following? A. all of the bryophytes inhabiting the tundra B. all of the mammals inhabiting the tundra C. the rainfall patterns the tundra experiences D. the amount/duration of sunlight the tundra receives E. All of these choices are correct.
all of these choices are correct
An individual's ecological footprint is equivalent to the: total amount of food consumed by that individual. total amount of energy used by that individual. total amount of carbon emissions from that individual's car. amount of land required to provide all the resources used by that individual. All of these choices are correct.
amount of land required to provide all the resources used by that individual.
Energy use by individuals varies among countries primarily because of differences in: (Select all that apply.) the type of food consumed. amount of travel. standard of living. the need to heat buildings in countries at high latitude.
amount of travel. standard of living. the need to heat buildings in countries at high latitude.
7. Associative learning, also called conditioning, occurs when: an animal learns that two events are correlated. an animal learns a behavior without reward or punishment. an animal's behavior is lessened or eliminated through repeated exposure to the stimulus. an animal's response to a stimulus is enhanced when a strong or novel stimulus is presented first.
an animal learns that two events are correlated.
Associative learning, also called conditioning, occurs when: an animal learns that two events are correlated. an animal's behavior is lessened or eliminated through repeated exposure to the stimulus. an animal's response to a stimulus is enhanced when a strong or novel stimulus is presented first. an animal learns a behavior without reward or punishment.
an animal learns that two events are correlated.
5. Many species are introduced into new areas every day through ballast water and international shipping; however, not all of them become established or invasive. For those species that do become invasive, which of the following characteristics would be the MOST likely in an invasive species? A. a K-strategist B. an r-strategist C. a primary producer D. a detritivore
an r-strategist
Many species are introduced into new areas every day through ballast water and international shipping; however, not all of them become established or invasive. For those species that do become invasive, which of the following characteristics would be the MOST likely in an invasive species? a detritivore a primary producer a K-strategist an r-strategist
an r-strategist
An invasive species is: any species that causes disease and death in host organisms. any non-native species that becomes established in a new ecosystem. any species that has a negative impact on community diversity. always the competitively dominant species in an ecosystem. any species that has been genetically modified by man.
any non-native species that becomes established in a new ecosystem.
8. Autoimmune disorders result from T cells that: A. produce alternate TCRs while circulating in the bloodstream. B. are activated by self MHC molecules in association with self antigens. C. fail to recognize MHC proteins on cell membranes. D. fail to produce TCRs.
are activated by self MHC molecules in association with self antigens.
2. Displays are patterns of behavior that: are species-specific. are highly repeatable. function as signals. are species-specific and function as signals. are species-specific, are highly stereotyped, and function as signals.
are species-specific, are highly stereotyped, and function as signals.
Displays are patterns of behavior that: are species-specific, are highly stereotyped, and function as signals. are highly repeatable. function as signals. are species-specific. are species-specific and function as signals.
are species-specific, are highly stereotyped, and function as signals.
Conditioning that occurs when an animal learns to link two events is called _____ learning. non-associative connected associative habituation sensitization
associative
Some of the characteristics used to describe biomes include precipitation and: species richness. average temperature. number of grass species. number of trophic levels in the communities.
average temperature.
4. When would a researcher be MOST likely to observe resource partitioning? between two species, one predator and one prey between two sympatric species that eat similar-sized seeds between two sympatric species, one herbivore and one carnivore between two allopatric populations that eat the same thing
between two sympatric species that eat similar-sized seeds
When would a researcher be MOST likely to observe resource partitioning? between two sympatric species that eat similar-sized seeds between two sympatric species, one herbivore and one carnivore between two species, one predator and one prey between two allopatric populations that eat the same thing
between two sympatric species that eat similar-sized seeds
On land, _____, which are broad, ecologically uniform areas, are recognized by their characteristic vegetation that reflects adaptation of form and physiology to climate. countries latitudes continents biomes
biomes
2. Mature T cells that have been released into the circulatory system have undergone: A. positive selection. B. negative selection. C. both positive and negative selection.
both positive and negative selection.
The maximum number of individuals of a given population the environment can support is the environment's _____ for that population. effect on the intrinsic growth rate population size effect on the exponential growth rate carrying capacity
carrying capacity
4. Each morning before work a cat owner opens the utensil drawer in the kitchen, grabs the can opener, and then shuts the drawer making a lot of noise. Each morning her new cat would run into the kitchen to be fed. After a few weeks, the cat owner notices that the cat runs into the kitchen whenever she hears the utensil drawer close. This is an example of: operant conditioning. classical conditioning. habituation. sensitization.
classical conditioning.
Each morning before work a cat owner opens the utensil drawer in the kitchen, grabs the can opener, and then shuts the drawer making a lot of noise. Each morning her new cat would run into the kitchen to be fed. After a few weeks, the cat owner notices that the cat runs into the kitchen whenever she hears the utensil drawer close. This is an example of: habituation. operant conditioning. sensitization. classical conditioning.
classical conditioning.
9. Once a hemlock-spruce forest is established in Glacier Bay, it tends to remain relatively unchanged unless disturbed. This makes it the _____ for the region. climax community ecosystem food web primary producer
climax community
Once a hemlock-spruce forest is established in Glacier Bay, it tends to remain relatively unchanged unless disturbed. This makes it the _____ for the region. primary producer food web climax community ecosystem
climax community
An ecological _____ is the set of all populations of all species found in a given place. community interaction metapopulation ecosystem population
community
2. In the late 1960s, Robert Paine conducted landmark studies on diversity in the rocky intertidal zone, comparing the species diversity in control plots with diversity in experimental plots from which he removed the top predator, sea stars. After 5 years, 15 species of intertidal invertebrates lived in the control plots, while the experimental plots were dominated by only two species, one mussel and one barnacle. The process MOST likely responsible for the loss of species diversity in the experimental plots was: mutualism. predation. competitive exclusion. parasitism. resource partitioning.
competitive exclusion
In the late 1960s, Robert Paine conducted landmark studies on diversity in the rocky intertidal zone, comparing the species diversity in control plots with diversity in experimental plots from which he removed the top predator, sea stars. After 5 years, 15 species of intertidal invertebrates lived in the control plots, while the experimental plots were dominated by only two species, one mussel and one barnacle. The process MOST likely responsible for the loss of species diversity in the experimental plots was: predation. parasitism. competitive exclusion. resource partitioning. mutualism.
competitive exclusion.
Deserts can be found at 30° N and 30° S of the equator. If you visited the deserts in both regions you would see that the dominant plants look very similar. This is MOST likely the result of: adaptive radiation. common ancestry. convergent evolution. biome specialization
convergent evolution.
In deeper waters, nutrients primarily come from: thermal vents. detritus from more productive shallower waters. surface winds creating deep ocean currents. glacial ice melt.
detritus from more productive shallower waters.
8. The figures below represent three hypothetical populations; each circle is an individual. /brainhoney/Resource/3702058,8,0,5/Assets/resources/chapter_46/46_7.jpg Select the pattern above that describes the following scenario: Individuals are distributed randomly within the environment. diagram M diagram H diagram K
diagram K
The figures below represent three hypothetical populations; each circle is an individual. Select the pattern above that describes the following scenario: Individuals are distributed randomly within the environment. diagram H diagram M diagram K
diagram K
The Coriolis effect governs the: direction and magnitude of ocean currents. magnitude of ocean currents. direction of ocean currents.
direction of ocean currents.
10. Which of the following factors are communicated by bees performing the waggle dance? distance and direction to the food source length of flight time to food source and direction to the food source distance and quantity of food length of flight time and quantity of food
distance and direction to the food source
According to MacArthur and Wilson's theory of island biogeography, both the land area (size) of an island and the _____ contribute to species diversity. distance of the island from neighboring land masses proximity of the island to the equator climate of the island depth of the water surrounding the island rock composition of the island
distance of the island from neighboring land masses
5. Innate immunity is different from adaptive immunity in that innate immunity: A. only works after exposure to foreign antigens. B. only stimulates responses through mast cells. C. does not require prior exposure to a pathogen. D. does not stimulate cell-mediated immunity pathways.
does not require prior exposure to a pathogen.
3. Imprinting is MOST likely to occur: during any point in an individual's lifetime. when an organism is most at danger. during a critical point in development. when an organism is surrounded by conspecific individuals.
during a critical point in development.
Imprinting is MOST likely to occur: during any point in an individual's lifetime. during a critical point in development. when an organism is most at danger. when an organism is surrounded by conspecific individuals.
during a critical point in development.
The role played by a species in its environment is called its: fundamental niche. ecological niche. multidimensional niche. Hutchinsonian niche. realized niche.
ecological niche.
A(n) _____ is a community of organisms and the physical environment it occupies. population metapopulation interaction ecosystem community
ecosystem
4. Examine Figure 49.1 below illustrating human population growth. What pattern of growth are we currently exhibiting? /brainhoney/Resource/3702058,8,0,5/Assets/resources/chapter_49/49_7.jpg A. exponential growth B. logistic growth C. intrinsic growth D. geometric growth E. None of the answer options is correct.
exponential growth
Examine Figure 49.1 below illustrating human population growth. What pattern of growth are we currently exhibiting? exponential growth None of the answer options is correct. logistic growth geometric growth intrinsic growth
exponential growth
When a population is small relative to its carrying capacity, its growth will be: both geometric and exponential. logistic. exponential. both geometric and logistic. geometric.
exponential.
You are a doctor who examines a swollen and warm puncture wound on the hand of a patient. Because the wound was made by a rusty nail, you are concerned about infection by Clostridium tetani bacteria, which cause tetanus. You are relieved to see that the patient received a tetanus vaccine at her last checkup a year ago. The vaccine: A. exposed the patient to C. tetani so that she contracted a mild version of tetanus. B. exposed the patient to deactivated C. tetani, so that her B cells would produce antibodies to the bacteria with no risk of contracting the disease. C. stimulated the production of mast cells by her bone marrow. D. exposed the patient to other types of bacteria, so that her immune system would be prepared for infection by prokaryotes.
exposed the patient to deactivated C. tetani, so that her B cells would produce antibodies to the bacteria with no risk of contracting the disease.
3. Human impact on the nitrogen and phosphorus cycles happens primarily through our use of:26.10 A. fossil fuels. B. fertilizer. C. groundwater. D. marine resources. E. minerals.
fertilizer.
Patterns of behavior that are species-specific and highly repeatable are called displays and are an example of a(n) _____ pattern. key supernormal nurture fixed-action operant
fixed-action
A _____ depicts the flow of carbon through an ecosystem, whereas a _____ depicts the transfer of energy. trophic pyramid, food web food web; trophic pyramid food web; niche niche; food web
food web; trophic pyramid
6. Amphibian population declines have been linked to: A. habitat loss. B. pesticides and other toxins. C. fungal disease. D. habitat loss and pesticides and other toxins. E. habitat loss, pesticides and other toxins, and fungal disease.
habitat loss, pesticides and other toxins, and fungal disease.
Amphibian population declines have been linked to: habitat loss and pesticides and other toxins. habitat loss. habitat loss, pesticides and other toxins, and fungal disease. pesticides and other toxins. fungal disease.
habitat loss, pesticides and other toxins, and fungal disease.
In the classic fable of "the boy who cried wolf," the villagers who stopped listening to the shepherd boy who kept lying and telling them that a wolf was attacking the sheep were exhibiting the form of learning called: imprinting. initiation. habituation. sensitization.
habituation.
A severe drought is an example of a density-_____ factor that can influence population size. The availability of nest sites is an example of a density-_____ factor. dependent; dependent dependent; independent independent; independent independent; dependent
independent; dependent
Instinctive behaviors that are carried out regardless of earlier experience are called _____ behaviors and are a product of an individual's genotype. learned innate nurtured operant
innate
8. Many squirrel species cache food for consumption later. Even squirrels of a young age are able to dig and bury food, even if they have never watched another member of their species bury food. They are able to retrieve food that is buried very well, and it is thought they use landmarks around the burial site of the food to return to that spot and find their food. Based on this description, the burial of food is a(n) _____ behavior, and the retrieval of food is _____. innate; innate learned; learned innate; learned learned; innate innate; a conditioned response
innate; learned
5. Male peacocks have tail feathers that make up 60% of their body length. During the mating season they fan their tails and shake these feathers in front of females. Females evaluate the tail-shaking behavior as part of selecting their mate. Which of the behaviors below is most likely to have been the original behavior that, through natural selection, resulted in this mate choice behavior of tail shaking? flight sound production with the larynx grooming feathers with the beak involuntary muscle contraction like shivering head movement to make eye contact
involuntary muscle contraction like shivering
Male peacocks have tail feathers that make up 60% of their body length. During the mating season they fan their tails and shake these feathers in front of females. Females evaluate the tail-shaking behavior as part of selecting their mate. Which of the behaviors below is most likely to have been the original behavior that, through natural selection, resulted in this mate choice behavior of tail shaking? flight head movement to make eye contact sound production with the larynx involuntary muscle contraction like shivering grooming feathers with the beak
involuntary muscle contraction like shivering
Skin is an important part of the immune response because: A. it is relatively porous. B. the presence of white blood cells on the surface provides protection to the host. C. it acts as a barrier to keep out pathogens. ED bacteria on the surface kill viruses that touch the skin.
it acts as a barrier to keep out pathogens.
Which of the following BEST describes a species' niche? where it lives what it eats all of the climatic conditions to which it is adapted with whom it reproduces its habitat and how it uses available resources in that habitat
its habitat and how it uses available resources in that habitat
1. A _____ affects other members of the community in ways that are disproportionate to its abundance or biomass. primary producer predator keystone species detritivore
keystone species
A _____ affects other members of the community in ways that are disproportionate to its abundance or biomass. detritivore predator primary producer keystone species
keystone species
A behavior that depends on experience has been: learned. genetically determined. determined by nerve action alone. determined by genotype.
learned.
Warm air is _____ dense than cold air, and warm air holds _____ moisture than cold air. less; more more; more less; less more; less
less; more
A rise in aquatic nitrogen and phosphorus levels leads to a strong increase in the population growth rate of algae and cyanobacteria. This suggests that nitrogen and phosphorus are typically _____ in aquatic habitats. always abundant not at all present limiting factors for planktonic growth unnecessary for planktonic growth
limiting factors for planktonic growth
1. Which of the following processes are considered components of the complement system? A. MHC molecules on the surface of cells B. membrane attack complexes (MACs) C. histamine produced by mast cells
membrane attack complexes (MACs)
A large population made up of smaller populations linked by migration is a: island founder event. metapopulation. colonization. habitat patch.
metapopulation.
In either freshwater or marine biomes, which regions would you expect to have the HIGHEST productivity? in the middle depths of the biome just below the deepest level where sunlight penetrates near the surface where sunlight penetrates at the deepest depth of the biome
near the surface where sunlight penetrates
10. The theory of island biogeography describes the number of species on an island as being determined by an equilibrium between the processes of immigration and extinction. Consider a small, far-offshore island and a large, near-shore island. Which island is expected to have a HIGHER equilibrium number of species? far-offshore, small island near-shore, large island The equilibrium number of species is expected to be the same. It is not possible to make a definite prediction based on the information given.
near-shore, large island
The theory of island biogeography describes the number of species on an island as being determined by an equilibrium between the processes of immigration and extinction. Consider a small, far-offshore island and a large, near-shore island. Which island is expected to have a HIGHER equilibrium number of species? It is not possible to make a definite prediction based on the information given. near-shore, large island far-offshore, small island The equilibrium number of species is expected to be the same.
near-shore, large island
The source of nitrogen in nitrogen fertilizer manufacture is: ammonia. nitrogen gas. None of the answer options is correct. nitrite. nitrate.
nitrogen gas.
7. We think of termites as insects that "eat" wood. In fact, however, termites rely on a variety of eukaryotic and prokaryotic gut microbes to digest cellulose—without the microbes, the termites will ingest wood, but will starve. This, then, is an example of a(n); obligate mutualism. obligate antagonism. facultative mutualism. facultative antagonism. None of the answer options is correct.
obligate mutualism.
We think of termites as insects that "eat" wood. In fact, however, termites rely on a variety of eukaryotic and prokaryotic gut microbes to digest cellulose—without the microbes, the termites will ingest wood, but will starve. This, then, is an example of a(n); facultative antagonism. obligate mutualism. facultative mutualism. None of the answer options is correct. obligate antagonism.
obligate mutualism.
Trial-and-error learning is also called _____ conditioning. operant imitation imprinting classical
operant
7. In the experiments with moss patches described in your text, what were the two factors that affected insect extinction rates within patches? patch size and patch connectivity (usable habitat corridors between patches) patch size and distance from the source population patch connectivity (usable habitat corridors between patches) and mobility of predators distance from the source population and mobility of predators.
patch size and patch connectivity (usable habitat corridors between patches)
In the experiments with moss patches described in your text, what were the two factors that affected insect extinction rates within patches? patch size and distance from the source population patch size and patch connectivity (usable habitat corridors between patches) distance from the source population and mobility of predators. patch connectivity (usable habitat corridors between patches) and mobility of predators
patch size and patch connectivity (usable habitat corridors between patches)
An airborne chemical that is used to communicate with members of the same species is called a: paracrine signal. growth factor. supernormal stimulus. neurotransmitter. pheromone.
pheromone.
Which of the following is a process responsible for removing CO2 from the atmosphere? A.respiration B. photosynthesis C. weight loss by dieters D. decay
photosynthesis
3. After clonal selection, B cells become either _____ cells that secrete _____, or _____ cells with membrane-bound antibodies. A. memory; antibodies; plasma B. plasma; antibodies; memory C. memory; antigens; plasma D. plasma; antigens; memory
plasma; antibodies; memory
A _____ consists of all the individuals of a given species that live and reproduce in a particular place. species range population family
population
5. Habitat fragmentation occurs frequently with current logging practices. The figure below shows a fragmented set of patches in a logged area. /brainhoney/Resource/3702058,8,0,5/Assets/resources/chapter_46/46_128.jpg At equilibrium, which forest fragment is likely to hold the LARGEST number of species? population J population K population L population M
population J
Habitat fragmentation occurs frequently with current logging practices. The figure below shows a fragmented set of patches in a logged area. At equilibrium, which forest fragment is likely to hold the LARGEST number of species? population J population M population L population K
population J
1. Habitat fragmentation occurs frequently with current logging practices. The figure below shows a fragmented set of patches in a logged area. /brainhoney/Resource/3702058,8,0,5/Assets/resources/chapter_46/46_127.jpg Which of the subpopulations is MOST likely to go extinct? population J population K population L population M
population K
Habitat fragmentation occurs frequently with current logging practices. The figure below shows a fragmented set of patches in a logged area. Which of the subpopulations is MOST likely to go extinct? population J population M population K population L
population K
2. Prairie dogs are rodents that live in colonies. Black-tailed prairie dog (Cynomys ludovicianus) colonies typically have around 12 adult animals per hectare. What aspect of the population ecology of the black-tailed prairie dog does this statement describe? population density population size population growth life history
population density
Prairie dogs are rodents that live in colonies. Black-tailed prairie dog (Cynomys ludovicianus) colonies typically have around 12 adult animals per hectare. What aspect of the population ecology of the black-tailed prairie dog does this statement describe? population growth population density population size life history
population density
Which ratio provides a good estimate of vegetation type within biomes? potential evapotranspiration to precipitation temperature to biomass evaporation to precipitation elevation to precipitation evaporation to transpiration
potential evapotranspiration to precipitation
In a pond, tadpoles eat algae and fish eat the tadpoles. Around the pond, grasshoppers eat grass and, at night, are preyed upon by bats. Other bats eat the fish that eat the tadpoles. In this community, the tadpoles are: secondary consumers. primary producers. decomposers. tertiary consumers. primary consumers.
primary consumers.
6. An r-strategist will typically: produce many offspring. produce small offspring. provide abundant parental care. produce many small offspring. produce many small offspring and provide abundant parental care
produce many small offspring.
An r-strategist will typically: produce small offspring. produce many small offspring. provide abundant parental care. produce many small offspring and provide abundant parental care. produce many offspring.
produce many small offspring.
Cells infected with Plasmodium falciparum evade being filtered from the bloodstream by the spleen by: A. being too large to enter vessels of the spleen. B. inhibiting extravasation by infected cells so they do not enter the spleen. C. producing adhesion proteins that cause them to stick to the sides of blood vessels. D. destroying MHC proteins on the surface of red blood cells.
producing adhesion proteins that cause them to stick to the sides of blood vessels.
In general, a species' _____ niche will be smaller than its _____ niche due to interactions with other organisms in the community. realized; fundamental realized; multidimensional ecological; multidimensional multidimensional; fundamental fundamental; realized
realized; fundamental
What is one "low-tech" method currently available to actively remove CO2 from the air? capturing CO2 in smokestacks (using smokestack scrubbers) using iron and other supplements to fertilize the ocean (increase phytoplankton biomass) None of the answer options is correct. expansion of rice farming reforestation of previously cleared landscapes
reforestation of previously cleared landscapes
3. Measuring its costs and benefits in terms of energy spent and/or gained, predation: is a lose-lose interaction. results in gain for both individuals. results in a gain for one individual and a loss for the other. results in a gain for one individual and neither a gain nor a loss for the other. None of the answer options is correct.
results in a gain for one individual and a loss for the other.
Measuring its costs and benefits in terms of energy spent and/or gained, predation: results in a gain for one individual and neither a gain nor a loss for the other. results in gain for both individuals. results in a gain for one individual and a loss for the other. None of the answer options is correct. is a lose-lose interaction.
results in a gain for one individual and a loss for the other.
Measuring its costs and benefits in terms of energy spent and/or gained, competition among individuals: A. results in a loss for both individuals. B. results in gain for both individuals. C. results in a gain for one individual and a loss for the other. D. results in a gain for one individual and neither a gain nor a loss for the other. E. None of the other answer options is correct.
results in a loss for both individuals
6. Male salamanders do a species-specific dance that lures females to follow males. As females follow males, they will walk over a spermatophore left by the male that holds sperm to fertilize the females' eggs. The mating dance by the males of a specific species is likely the result of: imprinting. ritualization. sensitization. conditioning.
ritualization
9. The enhancement of a response to a stimulus following a novel pre-stimulus is called: sensitization. habituation. imitation. imprinting.
sensitization.
The enhancement of a response to a stimulus following a novel pre-stimulus is called: habituation. sensitization. imitation. imprinting.
sensitization.
4. You are surveying biodiversity on a new island chain. You have counted the number of bat species on one island already. The next island is smaller and farther from the mainland than the one you have just surveyed. According to the theory of island biogeography, the total number of its bat species should be _____ than on the current island because the rate of immigration to the new island should be _____ and the rate of extinction should be _____. Refer to Figure 46.17. /brainhoney/Resource/3702058,8,0,5/Assets/resources/chapter_46/46_131.jpg smaller; higher; lower smaller; lower; higher greater; higher; lower greater; lower; higher
smaller; lower; higher
You are surveying biodiversity on a new island chain. You have counted the number of bat species on one island already. The next island is smaller and farther from the mainland than the one you have just surveyed. According to the theory of island biogeography, the total number of its bat species should be _____ than on the current island because the rate of immigration to the new island should be _____ and the rate of extinction should be _____. Refer to Figure 46.17. smaller; lower; higher smaller; higher; lower greater; lower; higher greater; higher; lower
smaller; lower; higher
Overlap of niches can be minimized through: an increase in the similarity of species occupying an area. reduction in the size of the fundamental niche. increased population growth. species evolving adaptations through selective pressure on competitive ability.
species evolving adaptations through selective pressure on competitive ability.
You sample the solid waste of three infants from three different families each week for 24 weeks. You find that the population of bacteria in the gut is dominated by one species for the first 12 weeks, and then shifts to another species. This shift in the biological composition of a community over time is called: competition. mutualism. succession. evolution. ecology.
succession
Primary productivity is affected by the availability of: water. sunlight. sunlight, water, and nutrients. nutrients. sunlight and nutrients.
sunlight, water, and nutrients.
Tropical biomes have evolved over _____ years. Biomes at higher latitudes have experienced an ice age within the past _____ years. a few million; thousand a few thousand; few thousand a few million; few million tens of millions of; few million several thousand; few million
tens of millions of; few million
Tropical biomes have evolved over _______ years. Biomes at higher latitudes have experienced an ice age within the past _______ years. A. a few million; few million B. a few million; thousand C. tens of millions of; few million D. several thousand; few million E. a few thousand; few thousand.
tens of millions of; few million
1. What characteristic associated with male Anolis lizards caused a change in behavior in female Anolis lizards? testosterone only testosterone that causes courting behavior in males testosterone that causes males to fight with each other the presence of males, regardless of their behavior
testosterone that causes courting behavior in males
What characteristic associated with male Anolis lizards caused a change in behavior in female Anolis lizards? testosterone that causes males to fight with each other testosterone that causes courting behavior in males the presence of males, regardless of their behavior testosterone only
testosterone that causes courting behavior in males
11. Meerkats are small desert mammals that live in groups of 20-50 individuals. You observe one meerkat standing upright on a stump, looking around, while other meerkats forage for food. You hypothesize that this is an example of kin selection. What additional information would you need to know to evaluate your hypothesis? A. the body size of this meerkat relative to other members of the group B. the gender of this meerkat as well as that of all other members of the group C. the degree of genetic relatedness of this meerkat to all members of the group D. all other activities of this meerkat as well as those of all other members of the group E. the foraging success of this meerkat as well as that of all other members of the group
the degree of genetic relatedness of this meerkat to all members of the group
Meerkats are small desert mammals that live in groups of 20-50 individuals. You observe one meerkat standing upright on a stump, looking around, while other meerkats forage for food. You hypothesize that this is an example of kin selection. What additional information would you need to know to evaluate your hypothesis? all other activities of this meerkat as well as those of all other members of the group the body size of this meerkat relative to other members of the group the foraging success of this meerkat as well as that of all other members of the group the gender of this meerkat as well as that of all other members of the group the degree of genetic relatedness of this meerkat to all members of the group
the degree of genetic relatedness of this meerkat to all members of the group
5. Primary producers are the basis for all aquatic and terrestrial food webs. How does the amount of primary production affect community structure? the more energy available from primary producers, the more species that could be supported at higher trophic levels in the community the more energy available from primary producers, the more individuals that could be supported at higher trophic levels in the community Primary production has no direct relationship to community structure
the more energy available from primary producers, the more individuals that could be supported at higher trophic levels in the community
Primary producers are the basis for all aquatic and terrestrial food webs. How does the amount of primary production affect community structure? Primary production has no direct relationship to community structure the more energy available from primary producers, the more species that could be supported at higher trophic levels in the community the more energy available from primary producers, the more individuals that could be supported at higher trophic levels in the community
the more energy available from primary producers, the more individuals that could be supported at higher trophic levels in the community
Which of the following would you expect to observe as you go from the base to the top of a mountain? the same pattern of climate and biome change one would experience if hiking from low to high latitude the same climate and biome from the base to the top of the mountain the same biome, but varying climate as you hike up the mountain the same pattern of climate and biome change one would experience if hiking from high to low latitude
the same pattern of climate and biome change one would experience if hiking from low to high latitude
Which of the following BEST describes the Green Revolution? All of these choices are correct. the use of modern technology to increase crop production the use of more ecologically friendly agricultural pesticides the industrial production of phosphate fertilizers the use of more sustainable agricultural techniques
the use of modern technology to increase crop production
If the Earth spun on an axis that was perfectly perpendicular to the equator: A. there would be no seasonality in climate. B. seasonality would increase at high latitudes. C. seasonality would increase at low latitudes. D. summers would be warmer in the Northern Hemisphere.
there would be no seasonality in climate
Humans add about 150,000,000 tons of fixed nitrogen to the biosphere each year, primarily: through the nonagricultural use of ammonia. as nitrogen emissions from industry. None of the answer options is correct. as nitrogen emissions from burning fossil fuels. through the use of fertilizer.
through the use of fertilizer.
In what biome would you expect to find the greatest diversity of insects? A. desert B. deciduous forest C. savanna D. tropical rain forest E. tundra
tropical rain forest.
