Final
An intestinal hormone that stimulates the release of insulin from the pancreatic islet cells is
gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP).
Pulmonary respiration
the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the alveoli and circulating blood in the pulmonary capillaries
structure of lungs
Right lung: 3 lobes Left lung: 2 lobes
Folds in the stomach that helps to accommodate expansion of stomach for food
Rugae
The enzyme that is secreted from the gallbladder
CCK
Define chemotaxis. (Module 20.10B)
Chemotaxis is the phagocyte movement in response to chemical stimuli.
The flap that opens and closes to keep things from going down the right pipe (trachea or esophagus)
Epiglottis
Define Filtration
a technique that uses a porous barrier to separate a solid from a liquid
Alveolar ventilation (V A) refers to the
amount of air reaching the alveoli each minute.
When renin is released from the kidney,
angiotensin I formation is triggered.
Digestion of Carbohydrates
begins in the mouth with salivary amylase
Digestion of proteins
begins in the stomach with the release of pepsinogen from chief cells
Liver makes
bile
Gastrin secretion is associated with
chyme entering the duodenum.
Capillaries that have a complete lining are called
continuous capillaires
At the left colic flexure, the colon becomes the
descending colon
Primary muscles of inspiration
diaphragm and external intercostals
The hormone that produces cardiovascular effects similar to activation of the sympathetic nervous system is
epinephrine
Capillaries with a perforated lining are called
fenestrated capillaries
Materials can move across capillary walls by
filtration, reabsorption, and diffusion
Function of the nephron
filtration, reabsorption, secretion
Cells that help regulate the antibody-mediated immune response are ________ cells.
helper T
Parietal cells secrete
hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor (B12)
Define immune surveillance. (Module 20.11A)
immune surveillance is the constant monitoring of normal tissues by NK cells sensitive to abnormal antigens on the surfaces of cells.
Hemoglobin
iron-containing protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen for delivery to cells 4 chains (2 alpha - 2 Beta) 4 Heme 4 Iron
An inflammatory response is triggered when
mast cells release histamine and heparin
Process of producing gametes
meiosis
Primary organs of digestion
mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine
Alveolar ventilation
movement of air into and out of the alveoli
Define absorption
movement of digested food molecules through the wall of the intestine into the blood
Juxtamedullary nephrons
nephrons with well-developed loops of Henle that extend deeply into the renal medulla
Structures of the upper respiratory system
nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, pharynx
An artery delivering blood to the kidney would have ________ blood in it and would be part of the ________ circuit.
oxygenated; systemic
Chief cells secrete
pepsinogen
Cheif cells secrete
pepsinogen and gastric lipase
As blood travels from arteries to veins,
pressure drops
Blood returning from the systemic circuit enters the
right atria
Lymph draining from your right shoulder flows into
right lymphatic duct
Accessory organs of digestion
salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas
Respiratory defense system
series of filtration mechanisms that helps the lungs fight off infection. (Macrophages, mucus, ciliated pseudo stratified columnar epithelial cells)
Cells the line the Alveoli
simple squamous epithelial
In the digestive and urinary systems, rings of smooth muscle, called ________, regulate the movement of materials along internal passageways.
sphincters
LH in males
stimulates interstitial cells to produce testosterone
Flow of sperm
testes, epididymis, vas deferens, ejaculatory duct, urethra
Peritubular Capillaries
tiny blood vessels that travel alongside nephrons allowing reabsorption and secretion between blood and the inner lumen of the nephron
LH in females
triggers ovulation
The muscular layer of a blood vessel is the
tunica media
Blood pressure is lowest in the
veins
When will the blood pressure be greater?
when the peripheral vessels constrict
The Pancreas Secretes
(Proteases - Proteins) - (Lipases - fat) - (Pancreatic amylase - carbs) - (Nucleases - Nucleic acids)
Define Glomerulus
A small intertwined group of capillaries, filtering the blood during urine formation, collecting the glomerular filtrate. -a tangled ball of capillary network in the Bowman's capsule, originating from a afferent arteriole, and leaving the capsule as a efferent arteriole.
Examples of physical barriers against pathogens include all of the following except
A) sebaceous glands B) epithelia C) mucus D) epidermal layers E) All of the answers are correct.
The classic pathway of complement activation begins when the complement protein binds to
An antibody
Describe the structure of an antibody. (Module 20.18A)
An antibody molecule consists of two parallel pairs of polypeptide chains: a pair of long, heavy chains and a pair of short, light chains. Each chain contains both constant segments and variable segments. The constant segments of the heavy chains form the base of the antibody molecule; the free tips of each of the two variable segments form the antigen-binding sites.`
Describe autoregulation as it relates to cardiovascular function. (Module 19.9B)
Autoregulation involves local factors changing the pattern of blood flow within capillary beds in response to chemical changes in interstitial fluids.
Structure of the kidneys
Bean-shaped with a medial indention containing the hilum, where blood vessels and the ureter enter
How is CO2 transported in the blood?
Bicarbonate
What triggers ovulation?
LH surge
Cortical Nephron
Nephrons located almost entirely in the renal cortex. These nephrons have a reduced loop of Henle.
Chloride Shift
The exchange of chloride for bicarbonate - Co2 into cell turns to carbonic acid using carbonic anhydrase -> Bicarbonate- -> shifts outside-> Chloride (Cl-) Enters
pepsinogen
The inactive form of pepsin that is first secreted by specialized (chief) cells located in gastric pits of the stomach. Converts into pepsin
Describe the roles of the natriuretic peptides. (Module 19.10C)
The roles of these peptides are to trigger responses whose combined effects are to decrease blood volume and decrease blood pressure.
Efferent arteriole
The small artery that carries blood away from the capillaries of the glomerulus.
Primary muscles of exhalaton
There are none (passive process)
antidiuretic hormone
increases the permeability of the collecting ducts to water.
The process of digestion
ingestion, digestion, absorption, elimination
Homeostatic mechanisms in response to blood loss include all of the following except
inhibition of EPO secretion.
Layers of the uterus
1. perimetrium - outer 2. myometrium - muscular 3. endometrium - inner
A hemoglobin molecule contains ________ globular protein subunits.
2 alpha and 2 beta (4 subunits)
What is the one gas the drives respiration
Co2
Internal respiration
Exchange of gases between cells of the body and the blood
External respiration
Exchange of gases between lungs and blood
The enzyme that is secreted from the Small intestin
Gastrin, secretin, CCK
Define hypercapnia and hypocapnia. (Module 21.17B)
Hypercapnia is an abnormally high arterial PCO2. Hypocapnia is an abnormally low arterial PCO2.
Name the major functions of the large intestine. (Module 22.16A)
REABSORBING WATER AND COMPACTING MATERIAL INTO FECES, ABSORBING VITAMINS, AND STORING FECAL MATERIAL
What triggers menstruation?
Low levels of estrogen and progesterone trigger menstruation
The enzyme that is secreted from the stomach
Pepsin
Define secretion
Secretion is the process of moving selected substances from the blood and adding them to the filtrate to be either reabsorbed or excreted
If the thymus shrank and stopped functioning properly, we would expect to see an immediate decrease in the number of
T Cells
Adaptive immunity is the result of the actions of
T and B cells
After a quiet expiration, the amount of air in your lungs is called the
TV
Oxygen dissociation curve
Temperature, PH, BPG (a waste product made when body is working). (Shifts to the right - unloading oxygen) (Shift to the left - holding/binding oxygen) - High Temp and BPG, low PH - (working) -more oxygen required- the release of O2 from hemoglobin -right - Low Temp, Low BPG, High PH - (chilling) - less oxygen required- bounds hemoglobin -left
Afferent arteriole
The small artery that carries blood toward the capillaries of the glomerulus.
Compare the oxygen content in the two circulatory circuits. (Module 19.15A)
The two circulatory circuits of the cardiovascular system are the pulmonary circuit and the systemic circuit.The pulmonary circuit carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs and returns oxygenated blood to the left atrium.The systemic circuit carries oxygenated blood to the organs and tissues of the body and returns deoxygenated blood to the right atrium.
Define tissue perfusion. (Module 19.9A)
Tissue perfusion is blood flow to tissues sufficient to deliver adequate oxygen and nutrients.
Large intestine
Water absorption and fecal compaction
gallbladder stores
bile
Lymphatic vessels commonly occur in association with
blood vessels.
structures of the lower respiratory tract
bronchi, bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli
Exchange between a blood vessel and the cells that surround it can occur only in
capillaries
Chemoreceptor reflexes respond to
changes in carbon dioxide, oxygen, or pH in the blood