Final

An intestinal hormone that stimulates the release of insulin from the pancreatic islet cells is

gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP).

Pulmonary respiration

the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the alveoli and circulating blood in the pulmonary capillaries

structure of lungs

Right lung: 3 lobes Left lung: 2 lobes

Folds in the stomach that helps to accommodate expansion of stomach for food

Rugae

The enzyme that is secreted from the gallbladder

CCK

Define chemotaxis. (Module 20.10B)

Chemotaxis is the phagocyte movement in response to chemical stimuli.

The flap that opens and closes to keep things from going down the right pipe (trachea or esophagus)

Epiglottis

Define Filtration

a technique that uses a porous barrier to separate a solid from a liquid

Alveolar ventilation (V A) refers to the

amount of air reaching the alveoli each minute.

When renin is released from the kidney,

angiotensin I formation is triggered.

Digestion of Carbohydrates

begins in the mouth with salivary amylase

Digestion of proteins

begins in the stomach with the release of pepsinogen from chief cells

Liver makes

bile

Gastrin secretion is associated with

chyme entering the duodenum.

Capillaries that have a complete lining are called

continuous capillaires

At the left colic flexure, the colon becomes the

descending colon

Primary muscles of inspiration

diaphragm and external intercostals

The hormone that produces cardiovascular effects similar to activation of the sympathetic nervous system is

epinephrine

Capillaries with a perforated lining are called

fenestrated capillaries

Materials can move across capillary walls by

filtration, reabsorption, and diffusion

Function of the nephron

filtration, reabsorption, secretion

Cells that help regulate the antibody-mediated immune response are ________ cells.

helper T

Parietal cells secrete

hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor (B12)

Define immune surveillance. (Module 20.11A)

immune surveillance is the constant monitoring of normal tissues by NK cells sensitive to abnormal antigens on the surfaces of cells.

Hemoglobin

iron-containing protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen for delivery to cells 4 chains (2 alpha - 2 Beta) 4 Heme 4 Iron

An inflammatory response is triggered when

mast cells release histamine and heparin

Process of producing gametes

meiosis

Primary organs of digestion

mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine

Alveolar ventilation

movement of air into and out of the alveoli

Define absorption

movement of digested food molecules through the wall of the intestine into the blood

Juxtamedullary nephrons

nephrons with well-developed loops of Henle that extend deeply into the renal medulla

Structures of the upper respiratory system

nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, pharynx

An artery delivering blood to the kidney would have ________ blood in it and would be part of the ________ circuit.

oxygenated; systemic

Chief cells secrete

pepsinogen

Cheif cells secrete

pepsinogen and gastric lipase

As blood travels from arteries to veins,

pressure drops

Blood returning from the systemic circuit enters the

right atria

Lymph draining from your right shoulder flows into

right lymphatic duct

Accessory organs of digestion

salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas

Respiratory defense system

series of filtration mechanisms that helps the lungs fight off infection. (Macrophages, mucus, ciliated pseudo stratified columnar epithelial cells)

Cells the line the Alveoli

simple squamous epithelial

In the digestive and urinary systems, rings of smooth muscle, called ________, regulate the movement of materials along internal passageways.

sphincters

LH in males

stimulates interstitial cells to produce testosterone

Flow of sperm

testes, epididymis, vas deferens, ejaculatory duct, urethra

Peritubular Capillaries

tiny blood vessels that travel alongside nephrons allowing reabsorption and secretion between blood and the inner lumen of the nephron

LH in females

triggers ovulation

The muscular layer of a blood vessel is the

tunica media

Blood pressure is lowest in the

veins

When will the blood pressure be greater?

when the peripheral vessels constrict

The Pancreas Secretes

(Proteases - Proteins) - (Lipases - fat) - (Pancreatic amylase - carbs) - (Nucleases - Nucleic acids)

Define Glomerulus

A small intertwined group of capillaries, filtering the blood during urine formation, collecting the glomerular filtrate. -a tangled ball of capillary network in the Bowman's capsule, originating from a afferent arteriole, and leaving the capsule as a efferent arteriole.

Examples of physical barriers against pathogens include all of the following except

A) sebaceous glands B) epithelia C) mucus D) epidermal layers E) All of the answers are correct.

The classic pathway of complement activation begins when the complement protein binds to

An antibody

Describe the structure of an antibody. (Module 20.18A)

An antibody molecule consists of two parallel pairs of polypeptide chains: a pair of long, heavy chains and a pair of short, light chains. Each chain contains both constant segments and variable segments. The constant segments of the heavy chains form the base of the antibody molecule; the free tips of each of the two variable segments form the antigen-binding sites.`

Describe autoregulation as it relates to cardiovascular function. (Module 19.9B)

Autoregulation involves local factors changing the pattern of blood flow within capillary beds in response to chemical changes in interstitial fluids.

Structure of the kidneys

Bean-shaped with a medial indention containing the hilum, where blood vessels and the ureter enter

How is CO2 transported in the blood?

Bicarbonate

What triggers ovulation?

LH surge

Cortical Nephron

Nephrons located almost entirely in the renal cortex. These nephrons have a reduced loop of Henle.

Chloride Shift

The exchange of chloride for bicarbonate - Co2 into cell turns to carbonic acid using carbonic anhydrase -> Bicarbonate- -> shifts outside-> Chloride (Cl-) Enters

pepsinogen

The inactive form of pepsin that is first secreted by specialized (chief) cells located in gastric pits of the stomach. Converts into pepsin

Describe the roles of the natriuretic peptides. (Module 19.10C)

The roles of these peptides are to trigger responses whose combined effects are to decrease blood volume and decrease blood pressure.

Efferent arteriole

The small artery that carries blood away from the capillaries of the glomerulus.

Primary muscles of exhalaton

There are none (passive process)

antidiuretic hormone

increases the permeability of the collecting ducts to water.

The process of digestion

ingestion, digestion, absorption, elimination

Homeostatic mechanisms in response to blood loss include all of the following except

inhibition of EPO secretion.

Layers of the uterus

1. perimetrium - outer 2. myometrium - muscular 3. endometrium - inner

A hemoglobin molecule contains ________ globular protein subunits.

2 alpha and 2 beta (4 subunits)

What is the one gas the drives respiration

Co2

Internal respiration

Exchange of gases between cells of the body and the blood

External respiration

Exchange of gases between lungs and blood

The enzyme that is secreted from the Small intestin

Gastrin, secretin, CCK

Define hypercapnia and hypocapnia. (Module 21.17B)

Hypercapnia is an abnormally high arterial PCO2. Hypocapnia is an abnormally low arterial PCO2.

Name the major functions of the large intestine. (Module 22.16A)

REABSORBING WATER AND COMPACTING MATERIAL INTO FECES, ABSORBING VITAMINS, AND STORING FECAL MATERIAL

What triggers menstruation?

Low levels of estrogen and progesterone trigger menstruation

The enzyme that is secreted from the stomach

Pepsin

Define secretion

Secretion is the process of moving selected substances from the blood and adding them to the filtrate to be either reabsorbed or excreted

If the thymus shrank and stopped functioning properly, we would expect to see an immediate decrease in the number of

T Cells

Adaptive immunity is the result of the actions of

T and B cells

After a quiet expiration, the amount of air in your lungs is called the

TV

Oxygen dissociation curve

Temperature, PH, BPG (a waste product made when body is working). (Shifts to the right - unloading oxygen) (Shift to the left - holding/binding oxygen) - High Temp and BPG, low PH - (working) -more oxygen required- the release of O2 from hemoglobin -right - Low Temp, Low BPG, High PH - (chilling) - less oxygen required- bounds hemoglobin -left

Afferent arteriole

The small artery that carries blood toward the capillaries of the glomerulus.

Compare the oxygen content in the two circulatory circuits. (Module 19.15A)

The two circulatory circuits of the cardiovascular system are the pulmonary circuit and the systemic circuit.The pulmonary circuit carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs and returns oxygenated blood to the left atrium.The systemic circuit carries oxygenated blood to the organs and tissues of the body and returns deoxygenated blood to the right atrium.

Define tissue perfusion. (Module 19.9A)

Tissue perfusion is blood flow to tissues sufficient to deliver adequate oxygen and nutrients.

Large intestine

Water absorption and fecal compaction

gallbladder stores

bile

Lymphatic vessels commonly occur in association with

blood vessels.

structures of the lower respiratory tract

bronchi, bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli

Exchange between a blood vessel and the cells that surround it can occur only in

capillaries

Chemoreceptor reflexes respond to

changes in carbon dioxide, oxygen, or pH in the blood