BLY 350 Exam 2 Material

Click and drag on elements in order Place the structures in order from largest to smallest subunit. Instructions fascicle fiber myofilament globular actin myofibril

1. fascicle 2. fiber 3. myofibril 4. myofilament 5. globular actin

Put the auditory ossicles in order, from tympanic membrane to oval window: stapes incus malleus

1. malleus 2. incus 3. stapes

How many neurons are in the somatesthetic pathway from the skin to the postcentral gyrus?

3

There are close to _____ genes that functionally code for olfactory receptor proteins in humans.

400

What is a motor unit?

A neuron and the muscle fibers it synapses with

What is the motor end plate?

A specialized part of the sarcolemma near the neuromuscular junction

Which tastes can be sensed by the anterior central part of the tongue?

All parts of the tongue can sense all five tastes

inner layer of eye white layer pink layer

Blank 1: vitreous Blank 2: sclera Blank 3: choroid or retina

Chemoreceptor

Carbon dioxide

What is the thin connective tissue layer that surrounds each muscle fiber within a fascicle?

Endomysium

What is the fibrous connective tissue sheath that extends around the muscle?

Epimysium

What are the columns of muscle produced by the extension of the epimysium into the body of the muscle called?

Fascicles

Which of the following statements is incorrect regarding the fovea centralis? It is surrounded by the macula lutea. It is a tiny pit in the retina. It is also known as the blind spot. The image is focused on the fovea when a person looks directly at an object.

It is also known as the blind spot.

What ion is responsible for depolarization of hair cells of the spiral organ?

K+

_____ motor neurons are somatic motor neurons with cell bodies in the brain stem or spinal cord and axons that travel within the nerves to stimulate the skeletal muscle.

Lower

What is the connective tissue sheath that surrounds each fascicle?

Perimysium

Each muscle fiber is enveloped by a thin connective tissue layer called the

Skeletal muscle

On which area of the body would the two-point touch threshold test yield the shortest distance between perceived sensations?

Skin on the 2nd fingertip

What do the following senses have in common? Touch, pressure, heat, cold, and pain.

They are cutaneous sensations

Where are taste buds mostly found?

Tongue

Nociceptor

a burn on the skin

The perimysium is ______.

a connective tissue sheath around each fascicle

A muscle fiber is ______.

a single cell

The sarcolemma surrounds ______.

a single muscle cell

Thermoreceptor

an open stove

Nociceptors are sensory receptors specialized to respond to:

any stimulus that injures tissues

Lower motor neurons: facilitate or inhibit skeletal movements via their effect on other neurons are the final common pathway in control of skeletal muscle have cell bodies located in the brain stem or spinal cord are interneurons in the brain

are the final common pathway in control of skeletal muscle have cell bodies located in the brain stem or spinal cord

proprioceptor

body position

While both _____ muscle in the heart and _____ muscle tissue in the blood vessels are capable of initiating contraction on their own, _____ muscle tissue must be stimulated by motor neurons in groups called motor units.

cardiac; smooth; skeletal

Olfactory receptor neurons synapse with neurons of the olfactory bulb in the ____________ .

cerebral cortex

chemoreceptor

chemical

Each olfactory receptor neuron has a dendrite that projects into the nasal cavity where it ends in a bulb containing

cilia

The epimysium is ______.

connective tissue and tendons

The fascicles are ______.

connective tissue that divides the body of a muscle

When reading a book, the ciliary muscle will __________, the suspensory ligament will __________, and the lens will become more __________.

contract; loosen; rounded

Light first passes through the _____ to enter the anterior chamber

cornea

Pressure and pain are considered _____ types of sensations.

cutaneous

Pressure and pain are considered types of _____ sensations.

cutaneous

Hair cells located on the basilar membrane are stimulated by __________.

different pitches of sound

mechanoreceptor

distortion of cell membrane

The connective tissue sheath indicated by the arrow is called the

epimysium

Taste and olfactory receptors are: interoceptors exteroceptors

exteroceptors

Upper motor neurons: Multiple select question. are the final common pathway in control of skeletal muscle have cell bodies located in the brain stem or spinal cord facilitate or inhibit skeletal movements via their effect on other neurons are interneurons in the brain

facilitate or inhibit skeletal movements via their effect on other neurons are interneurons in the brain

High-pitched sounds produce a peak displacement of the basilar membrane near the apex of the cochlea. (T/F)

false

Light causes Na+ channels in rods to close, causing hyperpolarization, and the release of inhibitory neurotransmitter to bipolar cells. (T/F)

false

The farther an object is from the eye, the rounder the lens will be. (T/F)

false

Yesterday, the fish your roommate cooked created a strong smell in the kitchen. When he cooked it again today, it was not as noticeable. This adaptation to the smell is due to tonic receptors. (T/F)

false

The muscle _____ are columns of muscle tissue that are formed by the extension of the epimysium into the body of the muscle.

fascicles

A cell in skeletal muscle is also called a muscle

fiber

The loudness of a sound is coded by the __________.

frequency of action potentials

The rounded structures in which the synapses between olfactory receptor neurons and neurons of the olfactory bulb occur are called

glomeruli

The umami sensation is stimulated by the amino acid _____.

glutamate or aspartate

Photoreceptor

green traffic light

The tympanic membrane vibrates when sound waves hit it. This moves the malleus, which moves the _____, which then moves the stapes, which then presses on the oval window of the inner ear.

incus

Among chemoreceptors, the category that can detect changes in the extracellular fluid is considered

interoceptors

Select all that apply Myosin ______. Multiple select question. is an enzyme that regulates acetylcholine is a protein involved in muscle contraction is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum makes up the thick filament of the sarcomere

is a protein involved in muscle contraction makes up the thick filament of the sarcomere

The contraction of smooth muscle cells: Multiple select question. is slow and sustained is all or none is quick and of short duration is graded dependent upon the concentration of calcium

is slow and sustained is graded dependent upon the concentration of calcium

The contractions of smooth muscle are slow and sustained due to their ability to enter a _____ state where less ATP is hydrolyzed.

latch

Receptive fields that do not receive a strong stimulation will help sharpen the sensation by

lateral inhibition

After light passes through the pupil, it enters the:

lens

photoreceptor

light

A motor neuron and all the muscle fibers that it innervates is called a(n)

m

Vision may be affected by a number of age-related changes. A disorder that may develop as a result of these changes, which directly affects the retina, is __________.

macular degeneration

The neuromuscular junction includes the ______.

motor end plate

Which of the following are characteristics of skeletal muscle? Multiple select question. uninucleate multinucleate intercalated disks branched fibers striated

multinucleate striated

Each myofibril contains smaller subunits called _____ that are made up of actin and myosin.

myofilaments

The A band in muscle is predominantly ______.

myosin in thick filaments

Sensory receptors that sense tissue damage are known as, _____ or pain receptors.

nociceptors

The receptors responsible for olfaction are located in the

olfactory epithelium.

Which are cells found in the olfactory epithelium? olfactory receptors simple squamous epithelium supporting cells stratified squamous epithelium stem cells

olfactory receptors supporting cells stem cells

Each glomerulus receives input from _____ type(s) of olfactory receptors.

one

Each taste cell can sense ____ type(s) of taste: salty, sweet, sour, bitter and umami.

one

Olfactory receptors contain _____ type(s) of odorant receptor(s).

one

Exteroceptors are sensory receptors that respond to stimuli _____ of the body, while interoceptors respond to stimuli _____ of the body.

outside; inside

Rods and cones are categorized as _____-receptors

photo

The muscle spindles and Golgi tendon organs are part of the _____ category of receptors.

proprioceptor

Somatesthetic senses include cutaneous receptors and _____.

proprioceptors

A pain arising from a visceral organ that is felt in a particular somatic position is __________.

referred pain

A(n) ______ is an involuntary, stereotypical reaction to a specific stimuli.

reflex

Even voluntary muscle can contract unconsciously in a _____, which is a response to a stereotypical or learned stimulus.

reflex

The plasma membrane of a skeletal muscle cell is also called the

sarcolemma

The white outer tissue of the eye is the ______.

sclera

Pain, touch, pressure and thermoreception are all types of ______ senses.

somatesthetic

The five major categories of taste are salty, _____, umami, sweet, and ______.

sour; bitter

Skeletal muscle

striated, innervated in motor units, multinucleate

Cardiac muscle

striated, myogenic, intercalated disks

The supporting cells of the olfactory apparatus are called _____ cells.

sustentacular

Gustation is also known as the sense of

taste

Gustation is the sense of ______.

taste

thermoreceptor

temperature

Damage to the postcentral gyrus of the cerebral cortex may interfere with __________.

the ability to feel the touch of a feather on the skin

Which are characteristics of taste buds? Multiple select question. they consist of many specialized epithelial cells they remain bathed in saliva they have microvilli that extend through a pore each taste bud is composed of one taste cell with microvilli

they consist of many specialized epithelial cells they remain bathed in saliva they have microvilli that extend through a pore

Mechanoreceptor

touch of a feather

cutaneous

touch, temperature and pain

The greater the receptor density, the greater the sensory acuity. (T/F)

true

The eardrum is also known as the _____ membrane.

tympanic

Smooth muscle

unstriated, no sarcomeres, myogenic

Interneurons in the brain that contribute axons to descending motor tracts and act as facilitators and inhibitors to lower motor neurons are called _____ motor neurons.

upper

The nerves departing the inner ear include the cochlear and the _____ nerves.

vestibular

special sense

vision, hearing, taste